Editing Physiology (section)

===Early modern period===
[[Jean Fernel]] (1497–1558), a French physician, introduced the term "physiology".<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution: From Copernicus to Newton |page=344|first=Wilbur|last=Applebaum|publisher=Routledge|bibcode=2000esrc.book.....A|year=2000}}</ref> Galen, [[Ibn al-Nafis]], [[Michael Servetus]], [[Realdo Colombo]], [[Amato Lusitano]] and [[William Harvey]], are credited as making important discoveries in the [[circulation of the blood]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rampling|first=M. W.|date=2016|title=The history of the theory of the circulation of the blood|journal=Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation|volume=64|issue=4|pages=541–549|doi=10.3233/CH-168031|issn=1875-8622|pmid=27791994|s2cid=3304540}}</ref> [[Santorio Santorio]] in 1610s was the first to use a device to measure the [[pulse]] rate (the ''pulsilogium''), and a [[thermoscope]] to measure temperature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/treasures/santorio-santorio-1561-1636/|title=Santorio Santorio (1561-1636): Medicina statica|website=Vaulted Treasures|publisher=University of Virginia, Claude Moore Health Sciences Library}}</ref>

In 1791 [[Luigi Galvani]] described the role of electricity in the nerves of dissected frogs. In 1811, [[César Julien Jean Legallois]] studied respiration in animal dissection and lesions and found the center of respiration in the [[medulla oblongata]]. In the same year, [[Charles Bell]] finished work on what would later become known as the [[Bell–Magendie law]], which compared functional differences between dorsal and ventral roots of the [[spinal cord]]. In 1824, [[François Magendie]] described the sensory roots and produced the first evidence of the cerebellum's role in [[equilibrioception|equilibration]] to complete the Bell–Magendie law.

In the 1820s, the French physiologist [[Henri Milne-Edwards]] introduced the notion of physiological division of labor, which allowed to "compare and study living things as if they were machines created by the industry of man." Inspired in the work of [[Adam Smith]], Milne-Edwards wrote that the "body of all living beings, whether animal or plant, resembles a factory ... where the organs, comparable to workers, work incessantly to produce the phenomena that constitute the life of the individual." In more differentiated organisms, the functional labor could be apportioned between different instruments or [[Biological system|systems]] (called by him as ''appareils'').<ref name="brain">{{Cite book|last=Brain|first=Robert Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8IECgAAQBAJ|title=The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe|date=2015-05-01|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80578-8|language=en}}</ref>

In 1858, [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]] studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented [[antiseptic]]s in the operating room, and as a result, decreased the death rate from surgery by a substantial amount.<ref name="physiologyinfo.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.physiologyinfo.org/mm/Timeline-of-Physiology/Milestones-in-Physiology.pdf|date=1 October 2013|title=Milestones in Physiology (1822-2013) |website=Physiology Info |access-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918173051/http://www.physiologyinfo.org/mm/Timeline-of-Physiology/Milestones-in-Physiology.pdf |archive-date= Sep 18, 2015 }}</ref>

[[The Physiological Society]] was founded in London in 1876 as a dining club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physoc.org/society-history|title=The Society's history |website=Physiological Society|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214024209/http://www.physoc.org/society-history|archive-date=2017-02-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[The American Physiological Society]] (APS) is a nonprofit organization that was founded in 1887. The Society is, "devoted to fostering education, scientific research, and dissemination of information in the physiological sciences."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-aps.org/fm/About-Us.html|title=American Physiological Society > About|website=the-aps.org|language=en|access-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232208/http://www.the-aps.org/fm/About-Us.html|archive-date=2018-10-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1891, [[Ivan Pavlov]] performed research on "conditional responses" that involved dogs' saliva production in response to a bell and visual stimuli.<ref name="physiologyinfo.org"/>

In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, in particular with the 1838 appearance of the [[Cell theory]] of [[Matthias Jakob Schleiden|Matthias Schleiden]] and [[Theodor Schwann]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-13|title=Introduction to physiology: History, biological systems, and branches|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248791|access-date=2020-10-01|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en}}</ref> It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. [[Claude Bernard]]'s (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of ''[[milieu interieur]]'' (internal environment),<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Introduction to the Study of Ex- perimental Medicine|last=Bernard|first=Claude|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1865|location=New York|publication-date=1957}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Lectures on the Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and Plants|last=Bernard|first=Claude|publisher=Thomas|year=1878|location=Springfield|publication-date=1974}}</ref> which would later be taken up and championed as "[[homeostasis]]" by American physiologist [[Walter B. Cannon]] in 1929. By homeostasis, Cannon meant "the maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated."<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brown Theodore M. |author2=Fee Elizabeth | date = October 2002 | title = Walter Bradford Cannon: Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 92 | issue = 10| pages = 1594–1595 | pmc=1447286 | doi=10.2105/ajph.92.10.1594}}</ref> In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment. William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology.

Nineteenth-century physiologists such as [[Michael Foster (physiologist)|Michael Foster]], [[Max Verworn]], and [[Alfred Binet]], based on [[Haeckel]]'s ideas, elaborated what came to be called "general physiology", a unified science of life based on the cell actions,<ref name=brain/> later renamed in the 20th century as [[cell biology]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heilbron|first=John L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abqjP-_KfzkC|title=The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science|date=2003-03-27|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-974376-6|language=en |page=649}}</ref>