Editing Peshawar (section)

==== Mughal empire ====
[[File:MKmosque.jpg|thumb|Bestowed by [[Ali Mardan Khan|Mohabbat Khan bin Ali Mardan Khan]] in 1630, the white-marble façade of the [[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]] is one of Peshawar's most iconic sights.]]
[[File:PeshawarMahabKhanMosch.jpg|thumb|The interior of the Mohabbat Khan Mosque is elaborately [[fresco]]ed with elegant and intricately detailed floral and geometric motifs.]]
Peshawar remained an important centre on trade routes between India and Central Asia. The Peshawar region was a cosmopolitan region in which goods, peoples, and ideas would pass along trade routes.<ref name="Richards" /> Its importance as a trade centre is highlighted by the destruction of over one thousand camel-loads of merchandise following an accidental fire at Bala Hissar fort in 1586.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |title=The Mughal Empire |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=peshawar+mughal&pg=PA50 |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070309/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=peshawar+mughal&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mughal rule in the area was tenuous, as Mughal suzerainty was only firmly exercised in the Peshawar valley, while the neighbouring valley of Swat was under Mughal rule only during the reign of [[Akbar]].<ref>Akbar Nama, trans. H. Beveridge, vol. 3, p. 715 quoted in Dani, Peshawar. p. 102. Whereas according to Nizam ai-Din Ahmad it was "on the [next day]" that Akbar sent Zain Khan Kukah "with a well equipped army against the Afghans of Sawad (Swat) and Bajaur, for the extirpation of those turbulent tubes," Khwajah Nizam al-Din Ahmad, The Tabaqat-i-Akbari: (A History of India from the early Musalman Invasions to the thirty-eight year of the reign of Akbar), vol. 2, trans, Brajendra Nath De. rev. and ed, Baini Prashad, low Price Publications, Delhi, 1992, p, 607.</ref>

In July 1526, Emperor [[Babur]] captured Peshawar.<ref name="Miers">{{cite book |last1=Henry Miers |first1=Elliot |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |orig-year=1867 |publication-date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-05587-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&q=peshawar&pg=PA25 |date=21 March 2013 |access-date=3 October 2020 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070321/https://books.google.com/books?id=w2AGBNfe8ZQC&q=peshawar&pg=PA25 |url-status=live }}</ref> During Babur's rule, the city was known as ''Begram'', and he rebuilt the city's fort.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aykroyd |first1=Clarissa |title=Pakistan |date=2005 |publisher=Mason Crest Publishers |isbn=978-1-59084-839-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistan0000aykr}}</ref> Babur used the city as a base for expeditions to other nearby towns.<ref name="bosworth" />

Under the reign of Babur's son, [[Humayun]], direct Mughal rule over the city was briefly challenged with the rise of the Pashtun king, [[Sher Shah Suri]], who began construction of the famous [[Grand Trunk Road]] in the 16th century. Peshawar was an important trading centre on the Grand Trunk Road.<ref name="silk road" /> During Akbar's rule, the name of the city changed from ''Begram'' to ''Peshawar''.<ref name="bosworth" /> In 1586, Pashtuns rose against Mughal rule during the Roshani Revolt under the leadership of [[Pir Roshan|Bayazid Pir Roshan]],<ref name="CUP Archive">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3 |date=1928 |publisher=CUP Archive}}</ref> founder of the egalitarian [[Roshani movement]], who assembled Pashtun armies in an attempted rebellion against the Mughals. The Roshani followers laid siege to the city until 1587.<ref name="CUP Archive" />

Peshawar was bestowed with its own set of ''Shalimar Gardens'' during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]],<ref>Ahmad, Hasan Dani (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|9788120815407}}. Retrieved 29 March 2017</ref> which no longer exist.

[[File:Sunehri maseet da booa.JPG|thumb|Peshawar's Sunehri Mosque dates from the Mughal era.]]
Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s governor of Kabul, [[Ali Mardan Khan|Mohabbat Khan bin Ali Mardan Khan]] used Peshawar as his winter capital during the 17th century, and bestowed the city with its famous [[Mohabbat Khan Mosque]] in 1630.<ref name="bosworth" />

[[Yusufzai]] tribes rose against Mughal rule during the Yusufzai Revolt of 1667,<ref name="Richards" /> and engaged in pitched-battles with Mughal battalions nearby [[Attock]].<ref name="Richards" /> [[Afridi]] tribes resisted Mughal rule during the Afridi Revolt of the 1670s.<ref name="Richards" /> The Afridis massacred a Mughal battalion in the nearby [[Khyber Pass]] in 1672 and shut the pass to lucrative trade routes.<ref name=richards>{{citation |title=The Mughal Empire |chapter=Imperial expansion under Aurangzeb 1658–1869. Testing the limits of the empire: the Northwest. |volume=5 |series=New Cambridge history of India: The Mughals and their contemporaries |first=John F. |last=Richards |author-link=John F. Richards |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |pages=170–171 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231220430/http://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC |url-status=live }}</ref> Mughal armies led by Emperor Aurangzeb himself regained control of the entire area in 1674.<ref name="Richards" />

Following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, his son [[Bahadur Shah I]], former governor of Peshawar and Kabul, was selected to be the Mughal Emperor. As Mughal power declined following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the empire's defenses were weakened.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wynbrandt |first1=James |title=A Brief History of Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-6184-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofpa0000wynb}}</ref>

On 18 November 1738, Peshawar was captured from the Mughal governor Nawab Nasir Khan by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] armies during the [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|Persian invasion of the Mughal Empire]] under [[Nader Shah]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=S.R. |title=Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material, Volume 3 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=9788171568192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=peshawar+mughal&pg=PA728 |access-date=24 March 2017 |year=1999 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307070326/https://books.google.com/books?id=4j_VLlGqVSoC&q=peshawar+mughal&pg=PA728 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |title=Peshawar: heritage, history, monuments |date=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel |isbn=9789693519716}}</ref>