Editing Permian (section)

====Insects====
[[File:Permocupes sojanensis holotype and reconstruction.jpg|thumb|Fossil and life restoration of ''[[Permocupes|Permocupes sojanensis]]'', a [[Permocupedidae|permocupedid]] beetle from the Middle Permian of Russia]]
Insects, which had first appeared and become abundant during the preceding Carboniferous, experienced a dramatic increase in diversification during the Early Permian. Towards the end of the Permian, there was a substantial drop in both origination and extinction rates.<ref name="Labandeira-2018">{{Citation|last=Labandeira|first=Conrad C.|title=The Fossil History of Insect Diversity|date=2018-05-23|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118945582.ch24|work=Insect Biodiversity|pages=723–788|place=Chichester, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118945582.ch24|isbn=978-1-118-94558-2|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130020/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118945582.ch24|url-status=live}}</ref> By the start of the Permian, there was already an active coevolutionary arms race between insects and plant reproductive structures, evidenced by both insect-caused damage in plants and defensive structures in plants aimed at minimising predation by insects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Santos |first1=Artai A. |last2=Wappler |first2=Torsten |last3=McLoughlin |first3=Stephen |date=14 October 2024 |editor-last=Cascales-Miñana |editor-first=Borja |title=Earliest evidence of granivory from China (Shanxi Formation) points to seeds as a food source and nursing habitat for insects in the earliest Permian humid tropical forests of Cathaysia |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |language=en |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=e0311737 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0311737 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=11472943 |pmid=39401203 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1911737S }}</ref> The dominant insects during the Permian Period were early representatives of [[Palaeoptera|Paleoptera]], [[Polyneoptera]], and [[Paraneoptera]]. [[Palaeodictyopteroidea]], which had represented the dominant group of insects during the Carboniferous, declined during the Permian. This is likely due to [[Competition (biology)|competition]] by [[Hemiptera]], due to their similar mouthparts and therefore ecology. Primitive relatives of [[Damselfly|damselflies]] and [[Dragonfly|dragonflies]] ([[Meganisoptera]]), which include the largest flying insects of all time, also declined during the Permian.<ref name="Schachat-2021">{{Cite journal|last1=Schachat|first1=Sandra R|last2=Labandeira|first2=Conrad C|date=2021-03-12|editor-last=Dyer|editor-first=Lee|title=Are Insects Heading Toward Their First Mass Extinction? Distinguishing Turnover From Crises in Their Fossil Record|url=https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/114/2/99/6056214|journal=[[Annals of the Entomological Society of America]]|language=en|volume=114|issue=2|pages=99–118|doi=10.1093/aesa/saaa042|issn=0013-8746|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725130021/https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/114/2/99/6056214|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Holometabola]], the largest group of modern insects, also diversified during this time.<ref name="Labandeira-2018" /> "[[Grylloblattida|Grylloblattidans]]", an extinct group of winged insects thought to be related to modern [[Ice crawler|ice crawlers]], reached their apex of diversity during the Permian, representing up to a third of all insects at some localities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Yingying |last2=Bardin |first2=Jérémie |last3=Wipfler |first3=Benjamin |last4=Demers-Potvin |first4=Alexandre |last5=Bai |first5=Ming |last6=Tong |first6=Yi-Jie |last7=Chen |first7=Grace Nuoxi |last8=Chen |first8=Huarong |last9=Zhao |first9=Zhen-Ya |last10=Ren |first10=Dong |last11=Béthoux |first11=Olivier |date=2024-03-07 |title=A winged relative of ice-crawlers in amber bridges the cryptic extant Xenonomia and a rich fossil record |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1744-7917.13338 |journal=Insect Science |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1645–1656 |language=en |doi=10.1111/1744-7917.13338 |pmid=38454304 |bibcode=2024InsSc..31.1645C |issn=1672-9609}}</ref> [[Mecoptera]] (sometimes known as scorpionflies) first appeared during the Early Permian, going on to become diverse during the Late Permian. Some Permian mecopterans, like [[Mesopsychidae]] have long proboscis that suggest they may have pollinated gymnosperms.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Lin |first1=Xiaodan |title=Mecoptera – Scorpionflies and Hangingflies |date=2019-04-29 |work=Rhythms of Insect Evolution |pages=555–595 |editor-last=Ren |editor-first=Dong |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119427957.ch24 |access-date=2024-09-21 |edition=1 |publisher=Wiley |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781119427957.ch24 |isbn=978-1-119-42798-8 |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Li |first3=Sheng |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |editor2-last=Shih |editor2-first=Chung Kun |editor3-last=Gao |editor3-first=Taiping |editor4-last=Yao |editor4-first=Yunzhi}}</ref> The earliest known [[beetle]]s appeared at the beginning of the Permian. Early beetles such as members of [[Permocupedidae]] were likely [[xylophagous]], feeding on decaying wood. Several lineages such as Schizophoridae expanded into aquatic habitats by the Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ponomarenko|first1=A. G.|last2=Prokin|first2=A. A.|date=December 2015|title=Review of paleontological data on the evolution of aquatic beetles (Coleoptera)|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S0031030115130080|journal=[[Paleontological Journal]]|language=en|volume=49|issue=13|pages=1383–1412|doi=10.1134/S0031030115130080|bibcode=2015PalJ...49.1383P |s2cid=88456234|issn=0031-0301|access-date=2021-07-26|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716091929/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030115130080|url-status=live}}</ref> Members of the modern orders [[Archostemata]] and [[Adephaga]] are known from the Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ponomarenko|first1=A. G.|last2=Volkov|first2=A. N.|date=November 2013|title=Ademosynoides asiaticus Martynov, 1936, the earliest known member of an extant beetle family (Insecta, Coleoptera, Trachypachidae)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030113060063|journal=Paleontological Journal|volume=47|issue=6|pages=601–606|doi=10.1134/s0031030113060063|bibcode=2013PalJ...47..601P |s2cid=84935456|issn=0031-0301|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716091930/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030113060063|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yan|first1=Evgeny Viktorovich|last2=Beutel|first2=Rolf Georg|last3=Lawrence|first3=John Francis|last4=Yavorskaya|first4=Margarita Igorevna|last5=Hörnschemeyer|first5=Thomas|last6=Pohl|first6=Hans|last7=Vassilenko|first7=Dmitry Vladimirovich|last8=Bashkuev|first8=Alexey Semenovich|last9=Ponomarenko|first9=Alexander Georgievich|date=2020-09-13|title=Archaeomalthus -(Coleoptera, Archostemata) a 'ghost adult' of Micromalthidae from Upper Permian deposits of Siberia?|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1561672|journal=[[Historical Biology]]|language=en|volume=32|issue=8|pages=1019–1027|doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1561672|bibcode=2020HBio...32.1019Y |s2cid=91721262|issn=0891-2963|access-date=2021-07-25|archive-date=2019-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215170246/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1561672|url-status=live}}</ref> Complex wood boring traces found in the Late Permian of China suggest that members of [[Polyphaga]], the most diverse group of modern beetles, were also present by the Late Permian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feng|first1=Zhuo|last2=Wang|first2=Jun|last3=Rößler|first3=Ronny|last4=Ślipiński|first4=Adam|last5=Labandeira|first5=Conrad|date=2017-09-15|title=Late Permian wood-borings reveal an intricate network of ecological relationships|journal=[[Nature Communications]]|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=556|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00696-0|pmid=28916787|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5601472|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..556F}}</ref>