Editing Pancho Villa (section)

== Final years: leader to hacienda owner, 1920–23 ==
[[File:Exterior of the Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution.jpg|thumb|left|The museum. once called ''[[Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution|Quinta Luz]]'' (Luz's Villa), comprises the estate of General [[Francisco Villa]].]]

Following his unsuccessful military campaign at [[Battle of Celaya|Celaya]] and the 1916 incursion into New Mexico, prompting the unsuccessful U.S. military intervention in Mexico to capture him, Villa ceased to be a national leader and became a leader in Chihuahua.<ref name=ipzpl>{{cite web |url=http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/army/p/panchovilla.htm |title=Pancho Villa: Mexican Revolutionary |last=Hickman |first=Kennedy |website=about.com |access-date=29 July 2011 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203095637/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/army/p/panchovilla.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Katz, ''The Life and Times of Pancho Villa'', pp. 545–719.</ref> While Villa still remained active, Carranza shifted his focus to dealing with the more dangerous threat posed by Zapata in the south.<ref name=ipzpl /> Villa's last major military action was a raid against Ciudad Juárez in 1919.<ref name=ipzpl /> Following the raid, Villa suffered yet another major blow after [[Felipe Angeles]], who had returned to Mexico in 1918 after living in exile for three years as a dairy farmer in Texas,<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Slattery |title=Felipe Angeles and the Mexican Revolution |pages=159–160 |year=1982 |publisher=University of Texas}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |first=Byron |last=Jackson |title=The Political and Military Role of General Felipe Angeles in the Mexican Revolution, 1914–1915 |page=316 |publisher=Georgetown University |year=1976}}</ref> left Villa and his small remaining militia. Angeles later was captured by Carranza's forces and was executed on 26 November 1919.

Villa continued fighting, and conducted a small siege in Ascención, Durango, after his failed raid in Ciudad Juárez.<ref name="emevilla">{{cite web |url=http://www.emersonkent.com/history/timelines/mexican_revolution_timeline_1919.htm |title=Timeline of the Mexican Revolution 1919 |website=Emerson Kent |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> The siege failed, and Villa's new second-in-command, his longtime lieutenant Martín López, was killed during the fighting.<ref name="emevilla" /> At this point Villa agreed that he would cease fighting if it were made worth his while.<ref name=oka;vi />

On 21 May 1920, a break for Villa came when Carranza, along with his top advisers and supporters,<ref name=upiqpz /> was assassinated by supporters of [[Álvaro Obregón]].<ref name=upiqpz /> With his nemesis dead, Villa was now ready to negotiate a peace settlement and retire. On 22 July 1920, Villa finally was able to send a telegram to Mexican interim President [[Adolfo de la Huerta]], which stated that he recognized De la Huerta's presidency and requested amnesty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mexicanhistory.org/MexicanRevolutiontimeline.htm |title=Mexican Revolution Timeline |website=MexicanHistory.org |access-date=10 November 2014}}</ref> Six days later, De la Huerta met with Villa and negotiated a peace settlement.<ref name=ipzpl />

In exchange for his retirement from hostilities, Villa was granted a 25,000 acre<ref name=opjvilla>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858085,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123123340/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858085,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 November 2010 | magazine=Time | title=Mexico: The Man Who Killed Villa | date=4 June 1951}}</ref> hacienda in Canutillo,<ref name=villaas /> just outside [[Hidalgo del Parral]], Chihuahua, by the national government.<ref name=ipzpl /> This was in addition to the [[Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution|Quinta Luz]] estate that he owned with his wife, [[Historical Museum of the Mexican Revolution|María Luz Corral de Villa]], in Chihuahua, Chihuahua. The last remaining 200 guerrillas and veterans of Villa's militia who were still loyal to him<ref name=opjvilla /> would reside with him in his new hacienda as well,<ref name=opjvilla /> and the Mexican government also granted them a pension that totalled 500,000 gold pesos.<ref name=opjvilla /> The 50 guerrillas who still remained in Villa's small cavalry would be allowed to serve as Villa's personal bodyguards.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080308202112/http://www.vernonjohns.org/snuffy1186/death%20of%20pancho%20villa.html La muerte de Pancho Villa (Death of Pancho Villa) (1974)<!-- Bot generated title -->]}}</ref>