Editing Opera (section)

===Other national operas===
Spain also produced its own distinctive form of opera, known as [[zarzuela]], which had two separate flowerings: one from the mid-17th century through the mid-18th century, and another beginning around 1850. During the late 18th century up until the mid-19th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the [[Spanish opera|native form]].

In Russian Eastern Europe, several national operas began to emerge. Ukrainian opera was developed by [[Semen Hulak-Artemovsky]] (1813–1873) whose most famous work ''[[Zaporozhets za Dunayem]]'' (A Cossack Beyond the Danube) is regularly performed around the world. Other Ukrainian opera composers include [[Mykola Lysenko]] (''[[Taras Bulba (opera)|Taras Bulba]]'' and ''[[Natalka Poltavka (opera)|Natalka Poltavka]]''), [[Heorhiy Maiboroda]], and [[Yuliy Meitus]]. At the turn of the century, a distinct national opera movement also began to emerge in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] under the leadership [[Zacharia Paliashvili]], who fused local [[folk song]]s and stories with 19th-century [[Romantic music|Romantic]] classical themes.

[[File:Erkel Ferenc Györgyi Alajos.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|left|[[Ferenc Erkel]], the father of Hungarian opera]]
The key figure of Hungarian national opera in the 19th century was [[Ferenc Erkel]], whose works mostly dealt with historical themes. Among his most often performed operas are ''[[Hunyadi László (opera)|Hunyadi László]]'' and ''[[Bánk bán]]''. The most famous modern Hungarian opera is [[Béla Bartók]]'s ''[[Duke Bluebeard's Castle]]''.

[[Stanisław Moniuszko]]'s opera ''[[The Haunted Manor|Straszny Dwór]]'' (in English ''The Haunted Manor'') (1861–64) represents a nineteenth-century peak of [[Polish opera|Polish national opera]].{{sfn|Tyrrell|1994|page=246}} In the 20th century, other operas created by Polish composers included ''[[King Roger]]'' by [[Karol Szymanowski]] and ''[[Ubu Rex]]'' by [[Krzysztof Penderecki]].

The first known opera from [[Turkey]] (the [[Ottoman Empire]]) was ''[[Arshak II (opera)|Arshak II]]'', which was an [[Armenia]]n opera composed by an ethnic Armenian composer [[Tigran Chukhajian]] in 1868 and partially performed in 1873. It was fully staged in 1945 in Armenia.
[[File:Leyli and Majnun opera 1908.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Scene from [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]]s ''"[[Leyli and Majnun (opera)|Leyli and Majnun]]"'' opera, [[Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater]] (1934)]]
The first years of the [[Soviet Union]] saw the emergence of new national operas, such as the ''[[Koroğlu (opera)|Koroğlu]]'' (1937) by the [[Azerbaijan]]i composer [[Uzeyir Hajibeyov]]. The first [[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz]] opera, ''Ai-Churek'', premiered in Moscow at the [[Bolshoi Theatre]] on 26 May 1939, during Kyrgyz Art Decade. It was composed by [[Vladimir Vlasov]], [[Abdylas Maldybaev]] and [[Vladimir Fere]]. The libretto was written by Joomart Bokonbaev, Jusup Turusbekov, and Kybanychbek Malikov. The opera is based on the Kyrgyz heroic epic ''[[Epic of Manas|Manas]]''.<ref>Abazov, Rafis (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Sk7GeUe5oC&pg=PA145 ''Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics''] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230703160248/https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Sk7GeUe5oC&pg=PA145 |date=3 July 2023 }}, pp. 144–145. Greenwood Publishing Group, {{ISBN|0-313-33656-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Igmen|first= Ali F. |date=2012|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=HFnHjAn18sgC&pg=PA163 |title =Speaking Soviet with an Accent|page= 163|publisher= University of Pittsburgh Press|isbn =978-0-8229-7809-1}}</ref>

In Iran, opera gained more attention after the introduction of Western classical music in the late 19th century. However, it took until mid 20th century for Iranian composers to start experiencing with the field, especially as the construction of the [[Roudaki Hall]] in 1967, made possible staging of a large variety of works for stage. Perhaps, the most famous Iranian opera is [[Rostam and Sohrab (opera)|Rostam and Sohrab]] by [[Loris Tjeknavorian]] premiered not until the early 2000s.

[[Chinese contemporary classical opera]], a Chinese language form of Western style opera that is distinct from [[traditional Chinese opera]], has had operas dating back to ''[[The White-Haired Girl]]'' in 1945.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre – Asia/Pacific|volume=5|title=China|page=111|editor1-last=Rubin|editor1-first=Don|editor2-last=Chua|editor2-first=Soo Pong|editor3-last=Chaturvedi|editor3-first=Ravi|editor4-last=Majundar|editor4-first=Ramendu|editor5-last=Tanokura|editor5-first=Minoru|year=2001|quote=Western-style opera (also known as High Opera) exists alongside the many Beijing Opera groups. ... Operas of note by Chinese composers include ''[[A Girl With White Hair]]'' written in the 1940s, ''[[Red Squad in Hong Hu]]'' and ''Jiang Jie''.}}</ref><ref>Zicheng Hong, ''A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature'', 2007, p. 227: "Written in the early 1940s, for a long time ''[[The White-Haired Girl]]'' was considered a model of new western-style opera in China."</ref><ref>''Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women'', vol. 2, p. 145, Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles (2003) "... of the PRC, [[Zheng Lücheng]] was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera ''[[Cloud Gazing]]''."</ref>

In Latin America, opera started as a result of European colonisation. The first opera ever written in the Americas was 1701's ''[[La púrpura de la rosa]]'', by [[Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco]], a Peruvian composer born in Spain; a decade later, 1711's ''[[Partenope (Zumaya)|Partenope]]'', by the Mexican [[Manuel de Zumaya]], was the first opera written from a composer born in Latin America (music now lost). The first Brazilian opera for a libretto in Portuguese was ''A Noite de São João'', by [[Elias Álvares Lobo]]. However, [[Antônio Carlos Gomes]] is generally regarded as the most outstanding Brazilian composer, having a relative success in Italy with its Brazilian-themed operas with Italian librettos, such as ''[[Il Guarany]]''. Opera in Argentina developed in the 20th century after the inauguration of [[Teatro Colón]] in Buenos Aires—with the opera ''[[Aurora (opera)|Aurora]]'', by [[Ettore Panizza]], being heavily influenced by the Italian tradition, due to immigration. Other important composers from Argentina include [[Felipe Boero]] and [[Alberto Ginastera]].