Editing On the Origin of Species (section)

===Publication outside Great Britain===
[[File:Asa Gray (1867).jpg|thumb|left|upright|American botanist Asa Gray (1810–1888)]]
In the United States, botanist [[Asa Gray]], an American colleague of Darwin, negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international [[copyright]] to print ''Origin''.<ref name=Letter2592>{{Citation|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2592.html#mark-2592.f3|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2592—Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 21 December (1859)|access-date=6 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213042956/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2592.html#mark-2592.f3|archive-date=13 February 2009}}</ref> Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits.<ref name=Letter2665>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2665.html#back-mark-2665.f9 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2665—Darwin, C. R. to Gray, Asa, 28 January (1860) |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213042959/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2665.html#back-mark-2665.f9 |archive-date=13 February 2009  }}</ref> Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with [[D. Appleton & Company|Appleton's]] of New York,<ref name=Letter2706>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2706.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2706—Gray, Asa to Darwin, C. R., 20 February 1860 |access-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213043349/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2706.html |archive-date=13 February 2009  }}</ref> who got their edition out in mid-January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only, as there were four that year.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/><ref>{{harvnb|Desmond|Moore|1991|p=492}}</ref>

The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda.<ref name=browne256/> Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist [[Heinrich Georg Bronn]], but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated "favoured races" as "perfected races", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to ''[[Naturphilosophie]]''.<ref name=browne140>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=140–142}}</ref> In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack.<ref name=correspondence1862/> Darwin corresponded closely with [[Julius Victor Carus]], who published an improved translation in 1867.<ref name=correspondence1866>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 14: 1866 |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-date=5 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110511/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by [[Clémence Royer]] published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating [[social Darwinism]] and [[eugenics]], as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions.<ref name=correspondence1862>{{Citation |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-10 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – The correspondence of Charles Darwin, volume 10: 1862 |access-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605110829/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/correspondence-volume-10 |archive-date=5 June 2010  }}</ref><ref name=browne142>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=142–144}}</ref> He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876.<ref name="Freeman 1977"/> A Dutch translation by [[Tiberius Cornelis Winkler]] was published in 1860.<ref>Ch. Darwin, ''Het ontstaan der soorten van dieren en planten door middel van de natuurkeus of het bewaard blijven van bevoorregte rassen in de strijd des levens'', transl. by [[Tiberius Cornelis Winkler|T.C. Winkler]] (Haarlem 1860) Source: ''[http://api.ning.com/files/aT0Fpi7QEAJXZty6RRr0*ayjT5aN-CLIR1HAnom7DRBt*Z64Ko2B*I88LPx*h2otwLvz5Vp*IKVqHQunTD*sItKN3P7MUMve/TeylerWinklerDarwin.doc Teyler, Winkler, Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202091528/http://api.ning.com/files/aT0Fpi7QEAJXZty6RRr0*ayjT5aN-CLIR1HAnom7DRBt*Z64Ko2B*I88LPx*h2otwLvz5Vp*IKVqHQunTD*sItKN3P7MUMve/TeylerWinklerDarwin.doc |date=2 December 2011 }}'' Lecture by [http://teylersmuseum.ning.com/profiles/blogs/142-teyler-winkler-darwin Marijn van Hoorn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806020036/http://teylersmuseum.ning.com/profiles/blogs/142-teyler-winkler-darwin |date=6 August 2020 }} MA at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group, Prague, 23 April 2009</ref> By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian.<ref name=browne256>{{harvnb|Browne|2002|pp=256–259}}</ref> In Darwin's lifetime, ''Origin'' was published in Swedish in 1871,<ref>{{cite web|title=Freeman Bibliographic Database|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/record?itemID=F793}}</ref> Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. As of 1977, ''Origin'' had appeared in an additional 18 languages,<ref name=free83>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=84&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 83, 100–111]}} "The book was translated in Darwin's lifetime into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish, and has appeared in a further eighteen languages since."</ref> including Chinese by [[Ma Junwu|Ma Chün-wu]] who added non-Darwinian ideas; he published the preliminaries and chapters 1–5 in 1902–1904, and his complete translation in 1920.<ref name=free101>{{harvnb|Freeman|1977|p=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=101&itemID=A1&viewtype=text 100]}}</ref><ref name="Jin 2018">{{cite journal | last=Jin | first=Xiaoxing | title=Translation and transmutation: the Origin of Species in China | journal=The British Journal for the History of Science | volume=52 | issue=1 | date=2018 | doi=10.1017/s0007087418000808 | pmid=30587253 | pages=117–141| s2cid=58605626 }}</ref>