Editing North-West Rebellion (section)

==Historiography==
[[Arthur Silver Morton]], who was the University of Saskatchewan's first librarian, compiled many of the original manuscripts, transcripts, and photographs related to the 1885 conflict that were made available in 1995 as part of project funded by Industry Canada in 1995.<ref name="encyc_sask_NWResistance_1995">{{cite web |work=University of Saskatchewan |title=The Northwest Resistance: A database of materials held by the University of Saskatchewan Libraries and the University Archives |date=1995 |access-date=5 September 2022 |url=https://library.usask.ca/northwest/contents.html |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906014948/https://library.usask.ca/northwest/contents.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Canadian historian [[George Stanley]] conducted research on the 1885 conflict and Louis Riel in the 1930s while completing his postgraduate degrees at Oxford University, where he published his 1936 book ''The Birth of Western Canada: A History of The Riel Rebellion''. For more than five decades Stanley's 1936 ''The Birth of Western Canada'' was reprinted and used as a textbook.<ref name="Stanley_1936_1992"/> Stanley's 1936 book and the 1972 book published by his student [[Desmond Morton (historian)|Desmond Morton]]{{emdash}}''The last war drum: the North West campaign of 1885''<ref name="Morton_1972">{{Cite book |last=Morton |first=Desmond |title=The last war drum: the North West campaign of 1885 |year=1972 |publisher=Hakkert |location=Toronto |isbn=0-88866-512-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/lastwardrumnorth0000mort }}</ref> informed North-West Rebellion encyclopedia entries in the ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' and ''Encyclopedia Britannica''.<ref name="CAEncy_NWR_20210708"/><ref name="EncyBrit_2016"/> Stanley focused on the racial aspects of the rebellion. He demonstrated empathy with the plight of the Métis and First Nations, although in hindsight his work would now be described by many as both "racist and close-minded". Until the early 2000s, Stanley's served as the foundational textbook providing the accepted narrative on the events.

The next major academic work to treat the "rebellion as a whole" since Stanley's, was the 1984 publication ''Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion'' by historian Bob Beal and journalist Rod Macleod.<ref name="Beal_Macleod_1984">{{Cite book |last1=Beal |first1=Bob |last2=Macleod |first2=Rod |name-list-style=amp |title=Prairie Fire: The 1885 North-West Rebellion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJgMAAAACAAJ  |year=1984 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-7710-1109-2 }}</ref> They downplayed the event as local with "no real legacy of bitterness in the West".<ref name="Beal_Macleod_1984"/>{{rp|11}} They describe it as an incident during the white settlers' occupation of the North-West Territories and government's imposition of their laws on the indigenous population.

On the centenary of the conflict, a conference entitled "1885 and After: Native Society in Transition" was held in May at the University of Saskatchewan. During the centenary, a number of articles and books were published on the topic including the five-volume ''The Collected Writings of Louis Riel'' by Stanley, [[Raymond Huel]], [[Gilles Martel]], and [[University of Calgary]]-based political scientist, Thomas Flanagan, and Flanagan's ''Riel and the Rebellion: 1885 Reconsidered.''<ref name="Flanagan_1985_2000"/> Flanagan spent much of his academic career focusing on issues related to the Métis and Louis Riel. Since the 1970s Tom Flanagan published numerous scholarly studies "debunking the heroism of Métis icon Louis Riel, arguing against native land claims, and calling for an end to aboriginal rights."<ref name=FlanaganHarperWalrus>{{cite journal |journal=Walrus |author=Marci McDonald |title=The Man Behind Stephen Harper |url=http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan&page= |date=October 2004 |access-date=2013-01-18 |archive-date=2014-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107202134/http://thewalrus.ca/the-man-behind-stephen-harper/?ref=the-man-behind-stephen-harper-tom-flanagan |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his 1987 publication ''Footprints in the Dust'', Douglas Light focused on the local history of the region incorporating Métis and First Nation perspectives on events including accounts of everyday life.<ref name="Light_1989">{{Cite book| publisher = Turner Warwick Pubns| isbn = 978-0-919899-16-2| last = Light| first = Douglas W.| title = Footprints in the Dust| location = North Battleford, Canada| date = 1 June 1989}}</ref> This was described as a "valuable and distinctive contribution to rebellion historiography".

At the University of Saskatchewan, Alan Anderson prepared a report on French Settlements in Saskatchewan that informed relevant content in the online ''Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan,'' published in 2006 by the [[University of Regina]]'s [[Canadian Plains Research Center]].<ref>{{cite report |last=Anderson |first=Alan B.|title= French Settlements in Saskatchewan: Historical and Demographic Perspectives |number=5 |series=Research Unit for French-Canadian Studies |work=University of Saskatchewan}}</ref><ref name="encyc_sask_Fr_Metis_1985"/>

J.R.Miller's 1989 ''Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens'' was described in a 2021 ''British Journal of Canadian Studies'' article as the "first overall survey of Aboriginal–newcomer history in Canada". Miller "consistently highlighted the Aboriginal perspective".<ref name="Miller_1989_2000"/><ref name="BJCS_Battarbee_2021">{{Cite journal| issn = 1757-8078| volume = 33| issue = 1| pages = 124| last = Battarbee| first = Keith| title = Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Native–Newcomer Relations in Canada by J.R. Miller (review)| journal = British Journal of Canadian Studies| access-date = 6 September 2022| date = 2021| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/785351}}</ref> By 2018, when the book was reprinted for the fourth time, the relationships between Indigenous peoples and settlers had evolved further driven by priorities, economic opportunities, collective action on the part of Indigenous communities, and changes in governments at the federal, provincial and territorial levels.<ref name="Miller_1989_2000"/><ref name="BJCS_Battarbee_2021"/> Miller says that early relations between Indigenous people and Euro-Canadian were characterized by a mutuality and collaboration, with each remaining autonomous, especially in trading relationships and as military allies. Miller says that this mutuality "held good for far longer than white historiography has tended to see.<ref name="Miller_1989_2000"/><ref name="BJCS_Battarbee_2021"/> The mutuality collapsed through competition for resources particularly as agricultural settlers arrived in increasing numbers.<ref name="Miller_1989_2000"/><ref name="BJCS_Battarbee_2021"/> In his chapter on the rebellion, Miller says that the way histories about the conflict have been written are based on "a great deal of misunderstanding and myth-making" and that there was no Indian rebellion in 1885.<ref name="Miller_1989_2000"/>{{rp|170}}

Lawrence J. Barkwell's 2005 book ''Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement'' was his first publication of biographies of participants in the Métis resistance.<ref name="Barkwell_2005">{{Citation |last=Barkwell |first=Lawrence J. |title=Batoche 1885: The Militia of the Metis Liberation Movement |year=2005 |publisher=Manitoba Metis Federation |location=Winnipeg |isbn=0-9683493-3-1 }}</ref> Barkwell is also the author of the 2011 305-page book ''Veterans and Families of the 1885 Northwest Resistance''.<ref name="Barkwell_2011"/> He updated his "1885 Northwest Resistance Movement Biographies" in 2018 which lists the men and women who participated in the 1885 Northwest Resistance. Barwell's research, which is published by the [[Gabriel Dumont Institute]]{{emdash}}an affiliate of the [[University of Saskatchewan]] and the [[University of Regina]]{{emdash}}"provides a more human face" to the 1885 Resistance."<ref name="Barkwell_2011"/>{{rp|1}}