Editing Nicolas Bourbaki (section)

==Membership==

As of 2000, Bourbaki has had "about forty" members.{{sfn|Mashaal|p=18}} Historically the group has numbered about ten{{sfn|Beaulieu|1999|p=220}} to twelve{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}} members at any given point, although it was briefly (and officially) limited to nine members at the time of founding.{{sfn|Mashaal|p=8}} Bourbaki's membership has been described in terms of generations:

{{Blockquote|text=Bourbaki was always a very small group of mathematicians, typically numbering about twelve people.  Its first generation was that of the founding fathers, those who created the group in 1934: Weil, Cartan, Chevalley, Delsarte, de Possel, and Dieudonné.  Others joined the group, and others left its ranks, so that some years later there were about twelve members, and that number remained roughly constant.  Laurent Schwartz was the only mathematician to join Bourbaki during the war, so his is considered an intermediate generation.  After the war, a number of members joined: [[Jean-Pierre Serre]], [[Pierre Samuel]], [[Jean-Louis Koszul]], [[Jacques Dixmier]], [[Roger Godement]], and [[Samuel Eilenberg|Sammy Eilenberg]].  These people constituted the second generation of Bourbaki.  In the 1950s, the third generation of mathematicians joined Bourbaki.  These people included [[Alexandre Grothendieck]], [[François Bruhat]], [[Serge Lang]], the American mathematician [[John Tate (mathematician)|John Tate]], [[Pierre Cartier (mathematician)|Pierre Cartier]], and the Swiss mathematician [[Armand Borel]].{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Aczel|pp=108–09}} }}

After the first three generations there were roughly twenty later members, not including current participants. Bourbaki has a custom of keeping its current membership secret, a practice meant to ensure that its output is presented as a collective, unified effort under the Bourbaki pseudonym, not attributable to any one author (e.g. for purposes of copyright or royalty payment). This secrecy is also intended to deter unwanted attention which could disrupt normal operations. However, former members freely discuss Bourbaki's internal practices upon departure.{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Mashaal|p=14}}

Prospective members are invited to conferences and styled as [[guinea pig]]s, a process meant to vet the newcomer's mathematical ability.{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Mashaal|p=16}} In the event of agreement between the group and the prospect, the prospect eventually becomes a full member.{{efn|Examples of guinea pigs who attended conferences without necessarily joining include one "Mirlès", who attended the official founding conference in Besse-en-Chandesse, [[Marcel Berger]], [[Jean Giraud (mathematician)|Jean Giraud]], [[Bernard Malgrange]], and [[René Thom]].{{sfn|Aubin|p=330}}{{sfn|Beaulieu|1999|p=242}}{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=9, 109, 130}}  Other guinea pigs and visitors have also been listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives-bourbaki.ahp-numerique.fr/references/item-type-metadata-present |title=Membres présents aux réunions |website=Archives Bourbaki }}</ref> }} The group is supposed to have an age limit: active members are expected to retire at (or about) 50 years of age.{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Guedj|p=18}} At a 1956 conference, Cartan read a letter from Weil which proposed a "gradual disappearance" of the founding members, forcing younger members to assume full responsibility for Bourbaki's operations.<ref name="numericana" />{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=18–19}} This rule is supposed to have resulted in a complete change of personnel by 1958.<ref name="Mainard"/> However, historian Liliane Beaulieu has been critical of the claim. She reported never having found written affirmation of the rule,{{sfn|Aubin|p=298}} and has indicated that there have been exceptions.{{sfn|Beaulieu|1999|p=248}} The age limit is thought to express the founders' intent that the project should continue indefinitely, operated by people at their best mathematical ability—in the mathematical community, there is a widespread belief that mathematicians produce their best work while young.{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Aubin|p=304}} Among full members there is no official hierarchy; all operate as equals, having the ability to interrupt conference proceedings at any point, or to challenge any material presented. However, André Weil has been described as "first among equals" during the founding period, and was given some deference.{{sfn|Mashaal|p=12}} On the other hand, the group has also poked fun at the idea that older members should be afforded greater respect.{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=111–12}}

Bourbaki conferences have also been attended by members' family, friends, visiting mathematicians, and other non-members of the group.{{efn|In 1948 one Nicolaidis Bourbaki, a diplomat and relative of the eponymous French general, sought the group out to understand why the family name had been taken.  The diplomat and the mathematical collective met on friendly terms, and Nicolaidis was a dinner guest at some of the group's conferences.{{sfn|Beaulieu|1999|p=236}}{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=29, 33}} }} Bourbaki is not known ever to have had any female members.{{sfn|Guedj|p=18}}{{sfn|Beaulieu|1999|p=220}}

[[File:Jean Dieudonné.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Jean Dieudonné]], founding member]]

[[File:Jean-Pierre Serre (2009) cropped.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Jean-Pierre Serre]], second generation member]]

[[File:Alexander Grothendieck.jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Alexander Grothendieck]], third generation member, left Bourbaki largely over a disagreements about incorporation of [[category theory]] in the treatise{{sfn|Aczel|p=205}}{{sfn|Krömer|2006|pp=149-150}}{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=81-84}}{{sfn|Corry|2009|pp=581-584}}]]

[[File:Armand Borel 1975 (headshot).jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Armand Borel]], third generation member]]

[[File:Hyman Bass 1978 (portioned B).jpg|thumb|right|130px|[[Hyman Bass]], later member]]

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+Former members of the Nicolas Bourbaki collective<ref name="numericana" />{{sfn|Aczel|pp=87, 108–09}}{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=6, 8, 12, 17–18, 60, 100, 105}}
!data-sort-type=number colspan="2"| Generation
!data-sort-type=text|Name
!data-sort-type=number|Born
!data-sort-type=number|ENS{{efn|Dates refer to [[Matriculation|entrance into the university]], not graduation.}}
!data-sort-type=number|Joined{{efn|Bourbaki's secrecy and informality have made it difficult to establish members' dates of joining and leaving.  For past members with uncertain dates, it has been suggested that the members' periods of [[Floruit|flourishing]] ({{circa|age 25–50}}) is the best available estimate.{{sfn|Mashaal|pp=18–19}} }}{{efn|Some members attended conferences as guinea pigs for a period of years before becoming full members.  Armand Borel began attending Bourbaki conferences c. 1949, becoming a full member c. 1953 and departing in 1973.{{sfn|Borel|pp=373–75}}  Pierre Cartier first attended a Bourbaki conference as a guinea pig in 1951, becoming a full member in 1955 and departing in 1983.{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Aczel|pp=105–08}}  Where sources make a distinction, the date of full membership is given or approximated. }}
!data-sort-type=number|Left
!data-sort-type=number|Died
|-
|data-sort-value=1 rowspan="11"|First{{efn|The collective's founding generation included a core group of five{{sfn|Borel|p=374}} who led its activities and established its norms, remaining active for several years.  Another six minor members participated on shorter-term bases during its earliest days, ranging from a few months to a few years.}}
|rowspan="5"|Core members
|data-sort-value="Cartan"|[[Henri Cartan]]
|1904
|1923
|1934
|data-sort-value=1958|c. 1956–58
|2008
|-
|data-sort-value="Chevalley"|[[Claude Chevalley]]
|1909
|1926
|1934
|data-sort-value=1958|c. 1956–58
|1984
|-
|data-sort-value="Delsarte"|[[Jean Delsarte]]
|1903
|1922
|1934
|data-sort-value=1958|c. 1956–58
|1968
|-
|data-sort-value="Dieudonné"|[[Jean Dieudonné]]
|1906
|1924
|1934
|data-sort-value=1958|c. 1956–58
|1992
|-
|data-sort-value="Weil"|[[André Weil]]
|1906
|1922
|1934
|data-sort-value=1958|c. 1956–58
|1998
|-
|rowspan="6"|Minor members
|data-sort-value="Coulomb"|[[Jean Coulomb]]
|1904
|1923
|1935
|1937
|1999
|-
|data-sort-value="Dubreil"|[[Paul Dubreil]]
|1904
|1923
|1935
|1935
|1994
|-
|data-sort-value="Ehresmann"|[[Charles Ehresmann]]
|1905
|1924
|1935
|1950
|1979
|-
|data-sort-value="Leray"|[[Jean Leray]]
|1906
|1926
|1935
|1935
|1998
|-
|data-sort-value="Mandelbrojt"|[[Szolem Mandelbrojt]]
|1899
|—
|1935
|—
|1983
|-
|data-sort-value="Possel"|[[René de Possel]]
|1905
|1923
|1934
|—
|1974
|-
|data-sort-value=2 rowspan="7" colspan="2"|Second{{efn|Aczel described Schwartz as an inter-generational member, the only one to join during the Second World War.  However Schwartz did not participate in the group's founding.}}
|data-sort-value="Dixmier"|[[Jacques Dixmier]]
|1924
|1942
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Eilenberg"|[[Samuel Eilenberg]]
|1913
|—
|data-sort-value="1951"|c. 1951
|1966
|1998
|-
|data-sort-value="Godement"|[[Roger Godement]]
|1921
|1940
|—
|—
|2016
|-
|data-sort-value="Koszul"|[[Jean-Louis Koszul]]
|1921
|1940
|—
|—
|2018
|-
|data-sort-value="Samuel"|[[Pierre Samuel]]
|1921
|1940
|1947
|1971
|2009
|-
|data-sort-value="Schwartz"|[[Laurent Schwartz]]
|1916
|1934
|—
|—
|2002
|-
|data-sort-value="Serre"|[[Jean-Pierre Serre]]
|1926
|1945
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value=3 rowspan="6" colspan="2"|Third
|data-sort-value="Borel"|[[Armand Borel]]
|1923
|—
|data-sort-value=1953|c. 1953
|1973
|2003
|-
|data-sort-value="Bruhat"|[[François Bruhat]]
|1929
|1948
|—
|—
|2007
|-
|data-sort-value="Cartier"|[[Pierre Cartier (mathematician)|Pierre Cartier]]
|1932
|1950
|1955
|1983
|2024
|-
|data-sort-value="Grothendieck"|[[Alexander Grothendieck]]
|1928
|1945
|1955
|1960
|2014
|-
|data-sort-value="Lang"|[[Serge Lang]]
|1927
|—
|—
|—
|2005
|-
|data-sort-value="Tate"|[[John Tate (mathematician)|John Tate]]
|1925
|—
|—
|—
|2019
|-
|data-sort-value=4 rowspan="24" colspan="2"|Later members{{efn|Most other members were born after the above three generations and were therefore active in the group at later dates.  However, two were born contemporaries of the founding generation: Charles Pisot in 1909, and Claude Chabauty in 1910.}}{{efn|Cartier and Aczel also described a fourth generation of Bourbaki members (as opposed to later members in general), former students of Grothendieck who joined during the 1960s.{{sfn|Senechal|pp=22–28}}{{sfn|Aczel|p=119}}  This may refer to those of Grothendieck's doctoral students who later became Bourbaki members, such as [[Michel Demazure]] and [[Jean-Louis Verdier]].<ref name="genealogy">{{cite web |url=https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=31245 |title=Alexander Grothendieck |website=Mathematics Genealogy Project}}</ref>}}
|data-sort-value="Bass"|[[Hyman Bass]]
|1932
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Beauville"|[[Arnaud Beauville]]
|1947
|1966
|—
|1997
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Ben Arous"|[[Gérard Ben Arous]]
|1957
|1977
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Bennequin"|[[Daniel Bennequin]]
|1952
|1972
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Chabauty"|[[Claude Chabauty]]
|1910
|1929
|—
|—
|1990
|-
|data-sort-value="Connes"|[[Alain Connes]]
|1947
|1966
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Demazure"|[[Michel Demazure]]
|1937
|1955
|—
|data-sort-value="1985"|c. 1985
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Douady"|[[Adrien Douady]]
|1935
|1954
|—
|—
|2006
|-
|data-sort-value="Gérard"|[[:fr:Patrick Gérard (mathématicien)|Patrick Gérard]]<small>[[:fr:Wikipédia:Accueil_principal|[fr]]]</small>
|1961
|1981
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Henniart"|[[Guy Henniart]]
|1953
|1973
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Illusie"|[[Luc Illusie]]
|1940
|1959
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Julg"|Pierre Julg
|1959
|1977
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Lebeau"|[[Gilles Lebeau]]
|1954
|1974
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Martineau"|[[André Martineau]]
|1930
|1949
|—
|—
|1972
|-
|data-sort-value="Mathieu"|Olivier Mathieu
|1960
|1980
|1989
|c. 2010
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Monvel"|[[Louis Boutet de Monvel]]
|1941
|1960
|1971
|1991
|2014
|-
|data-sort-value="Oesterlé"|[[Joseph Oesterlé]]
|1954
|1973
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Pisot"|[[Charles Pisot]]
|1909
|1929
|—
|—
|1984
|-
|data-sort-value="Raynaud"|[[Michel Raynaud]]
|1938
|1958
|—
|—
|2018
|-
|data-sort-value="Rosso"|Marc Rosso
|1962
|1982
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Skandalis"|[[Georges Skandalis]]
|1955
|1975
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Teissier"|[[Bernard Teissier]]
|1945
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|data-sort-value="Verdier"|[[Jean-Louis Verdier]]
|1937
|1955
|—
|—
|1989
|-
|data-sort-value="Yoccoz"|[[Jean-Christophe Yoccoz]]
|1957
|1975
|data-sort-value="1995"|c. 1995
|data-sort-value="1995"|c. 1995
|2016
|}