Editing New Netherland (section)

==Capitulation, restitution, and concession==
In March 1664, [[Charles II of England]], Scotland, and Ireland resolved to annex New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one form of government, both in church and state, and to install the Anglican government as in old England". The Dutch West India Company directors concluded that the religious freedom they offered in New Netherland would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]]:

<blockquote>[W]e are in hopes that as the English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from old England for the causes aforesaid, they will not give us henceforth so much trouble, but prefer to live free under us at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and then falling again under a government from which they had formerly fled.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Jameson |editor-first=J. Franklin |editor-link=J. Franklin Jameson |date=1909 |title=Narratives of New Netherland 1609–1664 |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/narrativesofnew00jame |location=New York |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |page=461 }}</ref></blockquote>

On 27 August 1664, four English frigates led by [[Richard Nicolls]] sailed into [[New York Harbor|New Amsterdam's harbor]] and demanded New Netherland's surrender.<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4062|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=February 8, 2013|date=27 August 1664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal   | editor-last = Versteer   | editor-first = Dingman   | title = New Amsterdam Becomes New York   | publisher = New Netherland Register   | date = April 1911   | volume = 1   | number = 4 & 5   | pages = 49–64   | url = https://archive.org/stream/newnetherlandreg00vers/newnetherlandreg00vers_djvu.txt   | quote = date <nowiki>=</nowiki> April and May 1911 }}</ref> They met no resistance to the [[capture of New Amsterdam]], since requests for troops to protect the Dutch colonists from their English neighbors and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] had been ignored. This left New Amsterdam effectively defenseless, but Stuyvesant negotiated good terms from his "too powerful enemies".<ref name="articlesofcap">{{cite web
 |title       = Articles of Capitulation on the Reduction of New Netherland
 |work        = New Netherland Museum and the Half Moon
 |url         = http://www.newnetherland.org/history.html#AoC
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130619102936/http://www.newnetherland.org/history.html
 |archive-date = June 19, 2013
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>

Article VIII of these [[Articles of Surrender of New Netherland|terms]] confirmed that [[New Netherlander]]s "shall keep and enjoy the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but were violated in another part of the [[conquest of New Netherland]] along the Delaware River, where [[Colonel]] Sir Robert Carr expropriated property for his own use and sold Dutch [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] into slavery. Nicolls eventually forced Carr to return some of the confiscated property.<ref name="WeRelate">{{cite web
 | title = Sir Robert Carr, Kt.
 | url = http://www.werelate.org/wiki/Person:Robert_Carr_(55)
 | website = WeRelate
 | access-date = 16 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Beck">{{cite web
 | last = Beck
 | first = Sanderson
 | title = New York under James 1664–88
 | url = http://www.san.beck.org/11-8-NYtoPenn1664-1744.html
 | access-date = 16 January 2016}}</ref> In addition, a [[Mennonite]] settlement led by [[Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy]] near [[Lewes, Delaware]] was destroyed.<ref name=Plantenga2001>{{cite web|last=Plantenga|first=Bart|title=The Mystery of the Plockhoy Settlement in the Valley of Swans|url=http://www.mcusa-archives.org/MHB/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm|work=Mennonite Historical Bulletin (April 2001)|accessdate=13 March 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221043517/http://www.mcusa-archives.org/mhb/Plantenga-Plockhoyt.htm|archivedate=21 December 2010}}</ref> The 1667 [[Treaty of Breda (1667)|Treaty of Breda]] ended the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the ''status quo'' was maintained, with the Dutch occupying [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Suriname]] and the nutmeg island of [[Run (island)|Run]].

Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch [[Reconquest of New Netherland|recaptured]] New Netherland in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral [[Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest]] and Commodore [[Jacob Binckes]], then the largest ever seen in America.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zeeuwsarchief.nl/en/zeeland-stories/people-from-zeeland-all-over-the-world/zeeuw-verovert-new-york-in-1673/ | title='Zeeuw' conquers New York }}</ref> They chose [[Anthony Colve]] as governor and renamed the city New Orange, reflecting the installation of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] as [[Stadtholder]] of Holland in 1672; he became King [[William III of England]] in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic needed money after the conclusion of the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1672–1674, the historic [[Rampjaar|"disaster years"]] in which the French simultaneously attacked the republic under [[Louis XIV]], the English, the [[Prince-Bishop of Münster]], and [[Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]]. The [[States of Zeeland]] had tried to convince the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|States of Holland]] to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In February 1674, the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] concluded the war. It took until 10 November 1674 for the new English governor [[Edmund Andros]] to take over from governor Anthony Colve.<ref>{{cite web
 |last        = Westdorp
 |first       = Martina
 |title       = Behouden of opgeven ? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673.
 |work        = De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant
 |access-date  = 1 November 2008
 |language    = nl
 |url         = http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/zeeuwseexpeditie2.htm
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080630054643/http://stuyvesant.library.uu.nl/kaarten/zeeuwseexpeditie2.htm
 |archive-date = 30 June 2008
 |df          = dmy-all
}}</ref>