Editing National Defense Education Act (section)

==Controversy==
The NDEA includes Title X, Section 1001 (f), a mandate that all beneficiaries of the act complete an affidavit disclaiming belief in the overthrow of the U.S. government.<ref name="Schwegler 1"/> Some in higher education opposed the disclaimer affidavit, as it came to be called, because they said it attempted to control beliefs and as such violated [[academic freedom]]. Initially, a small number of institutions ([[Barnard College|Barnard]], [[Yale University|Yale]], and [[Princeton University|Princeton]]) refused to accept funding under the student loan program established by the act because of the affidavit requirement.<ref name="Schwegler 1" /> By 1962, when the disclaimer affidavit was repealed, the number of schools protesting the clause was 153.<ref name="AAUP Bulletin 282"/>

After four years of seemingly ineffective protest, the disclaimer requirement was repealed in the Fall of 1962 by President [[John F. Kennedy]] who was spurred by an incident extraneous to universities' protests. In particular, following the public disclosure of the case of a National Science Foundation Fellowship recipient who had run into trouble with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], and had been convicted of contempt of Congress.<ref>Schwegler 99-100</ref> Kennedy interpreted  this case proved the affidavit clause to be ineffective, and, in spite of—rather than because of—protest prior to 1961, the disclaimer requirement was excised.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maher|first=Brent D.|date=May 2016|title=Divided by Loyalty: The Debate Regarding Loyalty Provisions in the National Defense Education Act of 1958|journal=History of Education Quarterly|volume=56|issue=2|pages=301–330|doi=10.1111/hoeq.12184|s2cid=147853534|issn=0018-2680}}</ref>