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==Membership== {{Main|Member states of NATO}} The 32 NATO members are: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * {{Flagcountry|Albania}} * {{Flagcountry|Belgium}} * {{Flagcountry|Bulgaria}} * {{Flagcountry|Canada}} * {{Flagcountry|Croatia}} * {{Flagcountry|Czech Republic}} * {{Flagcountry|Denmark}} * {{Flagcountry|Estonia}} * {{Flagcountry|Finland}} * {{Flagcountry|France}} * {{Flagcountry|Germany}} * {{Flagcountry|Greece}} * {{Flagcountry|Hungary}} * {{Flagcountry|Iceland}} * {{Flagcountry|Italy}} * {{Flagcountry|Latvia}} * {{Flagcountry|Lithuania}} * {{Flagcountry|Luxembourg}} * {{Flagcountry|Montenegro}} * {{Flagcountry|Netherlands}} * {{Flagcountry|North Macedonia}} * {{Flagcountry|Norway}} * {{Flagcountry|Poland}} * {{Flagcountry|Portugal}} * {{Flagcountry|Romania}} * {{Flagcountry|Slovakia}} * {{Flagcountry|Slovenia}} * {{Flagcountry|Spain}} * {{Flagcountry|Sweden}} * {{Flagcountry|Turkey}} * {{Flagcountry|United Kingdom}} * {{Flagcountry|United States}} {{div col end}} {| class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:white; color: inherit; border:1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em auto 1em auto; overflow:auto; overflow-x:auto; overflow-y:hidden;" |- style="text-align:center;" |[[File:NATO partnerships.svg|960px|alt=A world map with countries in blue, cyan, orange, yellow, purple, and green, based on their NATO affiliation.]] |- style="font-size:85%;" | {|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:white; color:inherit; border:1px solid white;" | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#004990|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Member states of NATO|NATO members]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#2a7fff|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Membership Action Plan]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#88b7ff|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''Enhanced Opportunities Partners''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#ffd900|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Individual Partnership Action Plan]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#ff7826|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Partnership for Peace]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#d40000|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Mediterranean Dialogue]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#cc00ff|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[Istanbul Cooperation Initiative]]''' | style="border:0; width:2em;"|{{legend|#008000|outline=black}} | style="border:0;"|'''[[NATO global partners|Global Partners]]''' ! style="border:0; width:3.6em;"| |- valign="top" | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Albania]] * [[Belgium]] * [[Bulgaria]] * [[Canada]] * [[Croatia]] * [[Czech Republic]] * [[Denmark]] * [[Estonia]] * [[Finland]] * [[France]] * [[Germany]] * [[Greece]] * [[Hungary]] * [[Iceland]] * [[Italy]] * [[Latvia]] * [[Lithuania]] * [[Luxembourg]] * [[Montenegro]] * [[Netherlands]] * [[North Macedonia]] * [[Norway]] * [[Poland]] * [[Portugal]] * [[Romania]] * [[Slovakia]] * [[Slovenia]] * [[Spain]] * [[Sweden]] * [[Turkey]] * [[United Kingdom]] * [[United States]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Australia]] * [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] * [[Jordan]] * [[Ukraine]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Armenia]] * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] * [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Moldova]] * [[Serbia]] * [[Ukraine]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Armenia]] * [[Austria]] * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Belarus]] (suspended) * [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] * [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] * [[Ireland]] * [[Kazakhstan]] * [[Kyrgyzstan]] * [[Malta]] * [[Moldova]] * [[Russia]] (suspended) * [[Serbia]] * [[Switzerland]] * [[Tajikistan]] * [[Turkmenistan]] * [[Ukraine]] * [[Uzbekistan]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Algeria]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Israel]] * [[Jordan]] * [[Mauritania]] * [[Morocco]] * [[Tunisia]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="2"|{{plainlist| * [[Bahrain]] * [[Kuwait]] * [[Qatar]] * [[United Arab Emirates]]}} | style="border:0;" colspan="3"|{{plainlist| * [[Australia]] * [[Colombia]] * [[Iraq]] * [[Japan]] * [[Mongolia]] * [[New Zealand]] * [[Pakistan]] * [[South Korea]]}} |} |} [[File:World map with tropic of cancer.svg|thumb|Member states of NATO are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the [[Tropic of Cancer]].]] NATO has thirty-two members, mostly in Europe with two in North America. NATO's "area of responsibility", within which attacks on member states are eligible for an Article 5 response, is defined under Article 6 of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] to include member territory in Europe, North America, Turkey, and islands in the North Atlantic north of the [[Tropic of Cancer]]. Attacks on vessels, aircraft and other forces in the North Atlantic (again, north of the Tropic of Cancer) and the Mediterranean Sea may also provoke an Article 5 response.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |date=4 April 1949 |title=The North Atlantic Treaty |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914102953/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=NATO |language=en}}.</ref> During the original treaty negotiations, the United States insisted that colonies such as the [[Belgian Congo]] be excluded from the treaty.{{sfn|Collins|2011|pp=122–123}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/ |title= The area of responsibility |work= NATO Declassified |publisher= NATO |date= 23 February 2013 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130601131134/http://www.nato.int/ebookshop/video/declassified/#/en/encyclopedia/the_birth_of_nato/the_key_issues_of_contention/the_area_of_responsibility/ |archive-date= 1 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[French Algeria]] was, however, covered until [[1962 Algerian independence referendum|its independence]] on 3 July 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en |title= Washington Treaty |publisher= NATO |date= 11 April 2011 |access-date= 28 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131016081817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C6AD72DE-2E05A89E/natolive/topics_67656.htm?selectedLocale=en |archive-date= 16 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Twelve of these thirty-two are original members who joined in 1949, while the other twenty joined in one of ten enlargement rounds.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2 |title= How does a country join NATO? |website= Al Jazeera |date= 12 July 2023 |accessdate= 23 July 2023 |archive-date= 22 July 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230722162248/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/12/how-does-a-country-join-nato-2 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Special arrangements=== The three Nordic countries which joined NATO as founding members, Denmark, Iceland, and Norway, chose to limit their participation in three areas: there would be no permanent peacetime bases, no nuclear warheads and no Allied military activity (unless invited) permitted on their territory. However, Denmark allows the [[U.S. Space Force]] to maintain [[Pituffik Space Base]], in Greenland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm |title=Denmark and NATO – 1949 |access-date=13 April 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413192145/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162357.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s, France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed "Gaullo-Mitterrandism".<ref>{{cite web |title=Why the concept of Gaullo-Mitterrandism is still relevant |url=https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/ |website=IRIS |access-date=7 March 2022 |date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307043522/https://www.iris-france.org/136272-why-the-concept-of-gaullo-mitterrandism-is-still-relevant/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009, the latter being disbanded the following year. France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and, unlike the United States and the United Kingdom, will not commit its nuclear-armed submarines to the alliance.<ref name="WP-France"/><ref name="guardian-france"/> ===Enlargement=== {{Main|Enlargement of NATO}} {{Stack|[[File:History of NATO enlargement.svg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|NATO has added 16 new members since [[German reunification]] and the end of the [[Cold War]].|alt=A map of Europe with countries labelled in shades of blue, green, and yellow based on when they joined NATO.]]}} NATO was established on 4 April 1949 by the signing of the [[North Atlantic Treaty]] (Washington Treaty). The 12 founding members of the alliance were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NATO |title=Member countries |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm |access-date=29 June 2022 |website=NATO |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329231751/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Four new members joined during the Cold War: Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), [[West Germany]] (1955) and Spain (1982). Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], many former [[Warsaw Pact]] and [[post-Soviet states]] sought membership. In 1990, the territory of the former [[East Germany]] was added with the [[German reunification|reunification of Germany]]. At the [[1999 Washington summit]], Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic officially joined, and NATO issued new guidelines for membership, with individualized "[[Membership Action Plan]]s". These plans governed the addition of new members: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, and North Macedonia in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=NATO|title=Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived)|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm|access-date=16 February 2022 |website=NATO |language=en|archive-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022112/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_48830.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Finland and Sweden are the newest members, joining on 4 April 2023 and 7 March 2024 respectively, spurred on by [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043 |title=NATO's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404150315/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65173043 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="swe-membership-final"/> [[Ukraine–NATO relations|Ukraine's relationship with NATO]] began with the NATO–Ukraine Action Plan in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm |title=NATO Topics: Individual Partnership Action Plans |publisher=NATO |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310015635/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm |archive-date=10 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, under President [[Viktor Yanukovych]], Ukraine re-affirmed its non-aligned status and renounced aspirations of joining NATO.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html |title=Yanukovych signs law declaring Ukraine's non-aligned status |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025840/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/yanukovych-signs-law-declaring-ukraines-non-aligne-73680.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the [[2014 Ukrainian Revolution]], Russia [[Russian occupation of Crimea|occupied Crimea]] and supported [[Russian separatist forces in Ukraine|armed separatists in eastern Ukraine]]. As a result, in December 2014 Ukraine's parliament voted to end its non-aligned status,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine drops non-aligned status in swipe at Moscow |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato |work=[[France 24]] |date=23 December 2014 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308140645/https://www.france24.com/en/20141223-ukraine-parliament-votes-scrap-non-aligned-status-russia-nato |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2019 it enshrined the goal of NATO membership in the [[Constitution of Ukraine|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO |url=https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html |work=[[Ukrainian Independent Information Agency]] |date=7 February 2019 |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054226/https://www.unian.info/politics/10437570-ukraine-s-parliament-backs-changes-to-constitution-confirming-ukraine-s-path-toward-eu-nato.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force {{!}} European integration portal|url=https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti|website=eu-ua.org|access-date=23 March 2021|language=uk|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928024828/https://eu-ua.org/novyny/zakon-pro-zminy-do-konstytuciyi-shchodo-kursu-na-vstup-v-yes-i-nato-nabuv-chynnosti|url-status=live}}</ref> At the June [[2021 Brussels summit|2021 Brussels Summit]], NATO leaders affirmed that Ukraine would eventually join the Alliance, and supported Ukraine's right to self-determination without interference.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm|title=Brussels Summit Communiqué issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021|website=NATO|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221172546/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In late 2021, there was another massive Russian military buildup near Ukraine's borders. On 30 November, Russian president Putin said Ukraine joining NATO, and the deployment of [[United States national missile defense|missile defense systems]] or [[Ballistic missile|long-range missiles]] in Ukraine, would be [[Red line (phrase)|crossing a red line]]. However, there were no such plans to deploy missiles in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia will act if Nato countries cross Ukraine 'red lines', Putin says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |work=The Guardian |date=30 November 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217112550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/russia-will-act-if-nato-countries-cross-ukraine-red-lines-putin-says |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO Pushes Back Against Russian President Putin's 'Red Lines' Over Ukraine |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |work=The Drive |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214164345/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43334/nato-pushes-back-against-russian-president-putins-red-lines-over-ukraine |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |work=Reuters |date=30 November 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119022224/https://www.reuters.com/markets/stocks/putin-warns-russia-will-act-if-nato-crosses-its-red-lines-ukraine-2021-11-30/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Russian Foreign Ministry drafted a treaty that would forbid Ukraine or any [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet state]] from ever joining NATO.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |work=[[Reuters]] |date=17 December 2021 |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222081106/https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-unveils-security-guarantees-says-western-response-not-encouraging-2021-12-17/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Secretary-General Stoltenberg replied that the decision is up to Ukraine and NATO members, adding "Russia has no veto, Russia has no say, and Russia has no right to establish a [[sphere of influence]] to try to control their neighbors".<ref>{{cite news |title=NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" |url=https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |work=Axios |date=1 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214172403/https://www.axios.com/nato-russia-ukraine-invasion-18619fd7-be80-4d37-86f8-fcebcb1fbe8a.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is Russia preparing to invade Ukraine? And other questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219125518/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589 |url-status=live }}</ref> NATO offered to improve communications with Russia and discuss missile placements and military exercises, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders.<ref>{{cite news |title=US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 January 2022 |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143405/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-europe-russia-united-states-moscow-72856781c3b92640d03c5e954488ba90 |url-status=live }}</ref> Instead, [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine]] in February 2022. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia proclaimed it had [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed the country's southeast]].<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2022 |title=Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001000623/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/30/ukraine-applies-for-nato-membership-after-russia-annexes-territory |archive-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Georgia was promised "future membership" during the 2008 summit in Bucharest,<ref>{{cite journal |author=George J, Teigen JM |year=2008 |title=NATO Enlargement and Institution Building: Military Personnel Policy Challenges in the Post-Soviet Context |journal=European Security |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=346 |doi=10.1080/09662830802642512|s2cid=153420615 |issn=0966-2839 }}</ref> but US president [[Barack Obama]] said in 2014 that the country was not "currently on a path" to membership.<ref name = "Obama says no">{{Cite news |last = Cathcourt |first = Will |date = 27 March 2014 |title = Obama Tells Georgia to Forget About NATO After Encouraging It to Join |url = http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html |work = [[The Daily Beast]] |access-date = 15 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416193123/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/27/obama-tells-georgia-to-forget-about-nato-after-encouraging-it-to-join.html |archive-date = 16 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:We Stand with Ukraine 2022 Helsinki - Finland (51905505001).jpg|thumb|Protestors at a February 2022 rally against [[Russo-Ukrainian War|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]] march past the statue of Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] in [[Senate Square, Helsinki|Senate Square]] in [[Helsinki]], Finland|alt=A crowd of people in winter coats march past a white domed church above a set of snowy stairs, some carrying signs and blue and yellow Ukrainian flags.]] Russia continued to politically oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and European and US negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification.<ref name = "Spiegel review">{{Cite news |last1= Klussmann |first1= Uwe |last2= Schepp |first2= Matthias |last3= Wiegrefe |first3= Klaus |date= 26 November 2009 |title= NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow? |url= http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html |work= [[Spiegel Online]] |access-date= 7 April 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140405190301/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nato-s-eastward-expansion-did-the-west-break-its-promise-to-moscow-a-663315.html |archive-date= 5 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> A June 2016 [[Levada Center]] poll found that 68 percent of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the [[Baltic states]] and Poland – former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia – is a threat to Russia.<ref>[http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ Levada-Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian-American relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819190307/http://www.levada.ru/en/2016/11/04/levada-center_chicago_council/ |date=19 August 2017 }}. Levada-Center. 4 November 2016.</ref> In contrast, 65 percent of Poles surveyed in a 2017 Pew Research Center report identified Russia as a "major threat", with an average of 31 percent saying so across all NATO countries,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pew survey: Russia disliked around world; most in Poland, Turkey see Kremlin as major threat |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html |newspaper=Kyiv Post |access-date=4 September 2018 |date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323093746/https://www.kyivpost.com/russia/pew-survey-russia-disliked-around-world-poland-turkey-see-kremlin-major-threat.html |archive-date=23 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 67 percent of Poles surveyed in 2018 favour US forces being based in Poland.<ref>{{cite web |title=NATO summit: Poland pins its hopes on the USA |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121243/https://www.dw.com/en/nato-summit-poland-pins-its-hopes-on-the-usa/a-44606598 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of non-[[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] Eastern European countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but [[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]] were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Michael |title=Most NATO Members in Eastern Europe See It as Protection |date=10 February 2017 |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx |publisher=Gallup |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904153827/https://news.gallup.com/poll/203819/nato-members-eastern-europe-protection.aspx |archive-date=4 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> A 2006 study in the journal ''[[Security Studies (journal)|Security Studies]]'' argued that NATO enlargement contributed to [[democratic consolidation]] in Central and Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Rachel|date=2006|title=Nato Enlargement and the Spread of Democracy: Evidence and Expectations|journal=Security Studies|volume=14|issue=1 |page=63|doi=10.1080/09636410591002509|s2cid=143878355}}</ref> [[China]] also opposes further expansion.<ref>{{cite news|title=China joins Russia in opposing Nato expansion|work=BBC News|date=4 February 2022|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080|access-date=4 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217171200/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60257080|archive-date=17 February 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> ===NATO defence expenditure=== ====Direct contributions==== Member states pay for NATO's three common funds (the civil and military budgets and the security investment programme) based on a cost-sharing formula that includes per capita gross national income and other factors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html |title=NATO Common Funds Burdensharing: Background and Current Issues |work=[[Congressional Research Service]] |date=15 February 2012 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214122605/https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30150.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rfek">{{cite news |last1=Farley |first1=Robert |last2=Kiely |first2=Eugene |url=https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/ |title=Fact-checking Trump comments on 'delinquent' NATO countries |work=[[Roll Call]] |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214034901/https://rollcall.com/2024/02/13/fact-checking-trump-comments-on-delinquent-nato-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023–2024, the United States and Germany were the biggest contributors with 16.2% each.<ref name="rfek"/><ref name="funding">{{cite web |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm |title=Funding NATO |work=[[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213182554/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_67655.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Indirect contributions==== Member states pay for and maintain their own troops and equipment.<ref name="rfek"/><ref name="funding"/> They contribute to NATO operations and missions by committing troops and equipment on a voluntary basis.<ref name="funding"/> Since 2006, the goal has been for each country to spend at least 2 percent of its gross domestic product on its own defence; in 2014, a NATO declaration said that countries not meeting the goal would "aim to move towards the 2 percent guideline within a decade".<ref name="rfek"/><ref name="agss">{{cite news |last1=Gray |first1=Andrew |last2=Siebold |first2=Sabine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/what-did-trump-say-about-nato-funding-what-is-article-5-2024-02-12/ |title=What did Trump say about NATO funding and what is Article 5? |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024}}</ref> In July 2022, NATO estimated that 11 members would meet the target in 2023.<ref name="agss"/> On 14 February 2024, NATO Secretary General [[Jens Stoltenberg]] said that 18 member states would meet the 2% target in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending |title=Nato chief rebukes Donald Trump and announces record defence spending |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214163731/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/14/nato-chief-rebukes-donald-trump-and-announces-record-defence-spending |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 June 2024, prior to the [[2024 Washington summit]], Stoltenberg updated that figure and announced that a record 23 of 32 NATO member states were meeting their defense spending targets of 2% of their country's GDP.<ref name=NATOSpending>{{cite web|title=Secretary General in Washington: NATO makes America stronger|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_226749.htm?selectedLocale=en|publisher=NATO|website=NATO.int|date=17 June 2024|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=APSpending>{{cite web|title=A record number of NATO allies are hitting their defense spending target during war in Ukraine|url=https://apnews.com/article/nato-defense-spending-stoltenberg-biden-5246409eec70745e6e936d997073a6f4|author1=Knickmeyer, Ellen|author2=Seung Min Kim|publisher=Associated Press|website=APNews.com|date=17 June 2024|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> NATO added that defense spending for European member states and Canada was up 18% in the past year alone.<ref name=NATOSpending/><ref name=APSpending/>
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