Editing N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (section)

==Side effects==
===Psychological reactions===
DMT may trigger psychological reactions, known colloquially as a "[[bad trip]]", such as intense fear, paranoia, anxiety, [[panic attacks]], and [[substance-induced psychosis]], particularly in predisposed individuals.<ref name="pmid29366418" /><ref name="pmid28868040">{{cite journal | title = Novel Psychoactive Substances-Recent Progress on Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action for Selected Drugs | journal = Front Psychiatry | pmid = 28868040 | vauthors = Zurina H, Oliver B, Darshan S, Suresh N, Vicknasingam K, Erich S, Johannes K, Borid Q, and Christian M | doi = 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00152 | date = 18 August 2017 | volume = 8 | page = 152 | pmc = 5563308 | doi-access = free }}</ref>{{better citation needed|reason=Both of these references refer to ayahuasca;  it's doubtful that DMT alone (smoked or by injection) actually lasts long enough for people with normal MAO levels to cause anything but brief fear at the worst due to the suddeness of the experience.  These things are also considered part of the ayahuasca experience among other side effects DMT doesn't have by some and either better references  are needed or this should be removed and kept on the ayahuasca article.|date=May 2025}}

===Addiction and dependence liability===
DMT, like other serotonergic psychedelics, is considered to be non-addictive with low abuse potential.<ref name="pmid8297217" />  A study examining [[substance use disorder]] for [[Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders|DSM-IV]] reported that almost no hallucinogens produced dependence, unlike psychoactive drugs of other classes such as [[stimulants]] and [[depressant]]s.<ref name="pmid29366418">{{cite journal | journal = Current Neuropharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–15 | title = Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness | doi = 10.2174/1570159X16666180125095902 | issn = 1875-6190 | vauthors = Jonathan H, Jaime H, Serdar D, and Glen B | year = 2019 | url = https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/88194 | pmid = 29366418 | pmc = 6343205 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505000155/https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/88194 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Society for the Study of Addiction | vauthors = Jon M, James L, and Erich L | date = September 1994 | title = The generalizability of the dependence syndrome across substances: an examination of some properties of the proposed DSM-IV dependence criteria | volume = 89 | issue = 9 | pages = 1105–1113 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | pmid = 7987187 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041617/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb02787.x | url-status = live }}</ref> At present, there have been no studies that report [[Drug_withdrawal|drug withdrawal syndrome]] with termination of DMT, and dependence potential of DMT and the risk of sustained psychological disturbance may be minimal when used infrequently; however, the physiological dependence potential of DMT and ayahuasca has not yet been documented convincingly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robert G | title = Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids | journal = Addiction | volume = 102 | issue = 1 | pages = 24–34 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17207120 | doi = 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | access-date = 2023-05-07 | archive-date = 2024-05-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240526041617/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01652.x | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Tolerance===
Unlike other classical psychedelics, [[drug tolerance|tolerance]] does not seem to develop to the subjective effects of DMT.<ref name="CarbonaroGatch2016" /><ref name="Halberstadt2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halberstadt AL | title = Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens | journal = Behav Brain Res | volume = 277 | issue = | pages = 99–120 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25036425 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.016 | pmc = 4642895 | url = }}</ref> Studies report that DMT did not exhibit tolerance upon repeated administration of twice a day sessions, separated by 5{{nbsp}}hours, for 5{{nbsp}}consecutive days; [[Field_research|field reports]] suggests a [[Refractory_period_(physiology)|refractory period]] of only 15 to 30{{nbsp}}minutes, while the [[Pharmacokinetics#Metrics|plasma levels]] of DMT was nearly undetectable 30{{nbsp}}minutes after [[intravenous administration]].<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="StrassmanQuallsBerg1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassman RJ, Qualls CR, Berg LM | title = Differential tolerance to biological and subjective effects of four closely spaced doses of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans | journal = Biol Psychiatry | volume = 39 | issue = 9 | pages = 784–795 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8731519 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3223(95)00200-6 | url = }}</ref> Another study of four closely spaced DMT infusion sessions with 30{{nbsp}}minute intervals also suggests no tolerance buildup to the psychological effects of the compound, while [[heart rate]] responses and [[Neuroendocrinology|neuroendocrine]] effects were diminished with repeated administration.<ref name="Halberstadt2015" /><ref name="StrassmanQuallsBerg1996" /> Similarly to DMT by itself, tolerance does not appear to develop to [[ayahuasca]].<ref name="DosSantosHallak2024">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dos Santos RG, Hallak JE | title = Ayahuasca: pharmacology, safety, and therapeutic effects | journal = CNS Spectr | volume = 30| issue = 1| pages = e2 | date = November 2024 | pmid = 39564645 | doi = 10.1017/S109285292400213X | url = }}</ref><ref name="DosSantosGrasaValle2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dos Santos RG, Grasa E, Valle M, Ballester MR, Bouso JC, Nomdedéu JF, Homs R, Barbanoj MJ, Riba J | title = Pharmacology of ayahuasca administered in two repeated doses | journal = Psychopharmacology (Berl) | volume = 219 | issue = 4 | pages = 1039–1053 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 21842159 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-011-2434-x | url = }}</ref> A fully hallucinogenic dose of DMT did not demonstrate [[cross-tolerance]] to human subjects who are highly tolerant to [[LSD]];<ref name="RosenbergIsbellMiner1963">{{cite journal |journal=Psychopharmacologia |vauthors=Rosenberg D, Isbell H, Miner E, and Logan C |doi=10.1007/BF00413244 |date=7 August 1963 |title=The effect of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in human subjects tolerant to lysergic acid diethylamide |volume=5 |issue=3 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00413244 |pages=223–224 |pmid=14138757 |s2cid=32950588 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504011825/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00413244 |url-status=live }}</ref> hence, research suggests that DMT exhibits unique pharmacological properties compared to other classical psychedelics.<ref name="StrassmanQuallsBerg1996" />

===Long-term use===
There have been no serious adverse effects reported on long-term use of DMT, apart from acute cardiovascular events.<ref name="pmid28868040" /> Repeated and one-time administration of DMT produces marked changes in the cardiovascular system,<ref name="pmid28868040" /> with an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure; although the changes were not statistically significant, a robust trend towards significance was observed for systolic blood pressure at high doses.<ref name="pmid11292011">{{cite journal | title = Subjective effects and tolerability of the South American psychoactive beverage Ayahuasca in healthy volunteers | journal = Psychopharmacology | pmid = 11292011 | doi = 10.1007/s002130000606 | date = February 2001 | vauthors = Jordi R, Antoni F, Gloria U, Adelaida M, Rosa A, Maria M, James C, and Mandel B | volume = 154 | issue = 1 | url = https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000606 | pages = 85–95 | s2cid = 5556065 | access-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-date = 2023-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230505014511/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000606 | url-status = live }}</ref>