Editing Mount Everest (section)

== Climate ==
Mount Everest has an [[ice cap climate]] (Köppen ''EF'') with all months averaging well below freezing.{{NoteTag|In the table below, the temperature given is the average lowest temperature recorded in that month. So, in an average year, the lowest recorded July temperature will be -18 degrees Celsius, and the lowest recorded January temperature will be -36 degrees Celsius.}}

{{Weather box <!--Infobox begins-->
| collapsed = <!--Any entry in this line will make the template initially collapsed. Leave blank or remove this line for uncollapsed.-->
| open = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template permanently open, and remove the hide button. Remove this line for a collapsable table.-->
| width = auto !-- Width parameter for wikitable, default width=90%. Leave blank for wikitable with no width defined. Set width=auto to fit the table in the next available space automatically. -->
| metric first = yes
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| location = Mount Everest (Summit)
| Jan avg record low C = -36
| Feb avg record low C = -35
| Mar avg record low C = -32
| Apr avg record low C = -31
| May avg record low C = -25
| Jun avg record low C = -20
| Jul avg record low C = -18
| Aug avg record low C = -18
| Sep avg record low C = -21
| Oct avg record low C = -27
| Nov avg record low C = -30
| Dec avg record low C = -34
<!--Mandatory fields, source-->| source 1 = <ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.topchinatravel.com/mount-everest/the-climate-of-mount-everest.htm |title= Monthly Average Coldest temperature on Everest Summit |publisher= topchinatravel.com |access-date= 16 August 2015 |archive-date= 5 October 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160710/https://www.topchinatravel.com/mount-everest/the-climate-of-mount-everest.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>
| source 2 = 
| source = 
}}

=== Climate change ===
The base camp for Everest expeditions based out of Nepal is located by [[Khumbu Glacier]], which is rapidly thinning and destabilizing due to [[climate change]], making it unsafe for climbers. As recommended by the committee formed by Nepal's government to facilitate and monitor mountaineering in the Everest region, Taranath Adhikari—the director general of Nepal's tourism department—said they have plans to move the base camp to a lower altitude. This would mean a longer distance for climbers between the base camp and Camp 1. However, the present base camp is still useful and could still serve its purpose for three to four years. The move may happen by 2024, per officials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2022 |title=Nepal to move Everest base camp from melting glacier |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61828753 |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717222537/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61828753 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Meteorology===
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 400px; font-size: 0.85em;"
|-
! rowspan= 2 | [[Atmospheric pressure]] comparison
! colspan=2 | Pressure
! rowspan= 2 | Reference
|-
![[Pascal (unit)|kilopascal]]
![[Pounds per square inch|psi]]
|-
|[[Olympus Mons]] summit
| {{convert|0.03|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center| –
|-
|[[Mars]] average
| {{convert|0.6|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center| –
|-
|[[Hellas Planitia]] bottom
| {{convert|1.16|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center| –
|-
|[[Armstrong limit]]
| {{convert|6.25|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center| –
|-
| Mount Everest summit
| {{convert|33.7|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center|<ref>{{cite journal|first=John B.|last=West| title=Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: new data and physiological significance|journal=Journal of Applied Physiology|date=1 March 1999|volume=86|issue=3|pages=1062–1066|doi=10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.1062|pmid=10066724|s2cid=27875962 }}</ref>
|-
|Earth [[sea level]]
| {{convert|101.3|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center| –
|-
|[[Dead Sea]] level
| {{convert|106.7|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfcenter.co.il/dsinfo.htm|title=The Dead Sea Region as a Health Resort|publisher=The CF Center|access-date=15 May 2012|archive-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715023449/http://www.cfcenter.co.il/dsinfo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|Surface of [[Venus]]
| {{convert|9200|kPa|sp=us|disp=tablecen}}
| align=center|<ref name=Basilevsky2003>{{cite journal|last1=Basilevsky|first1=Alexandr T.|last2=Head|first2=James W.|s2cid=13338382|title=The surface of Venus|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys.|year=2003|volume=66|issue=10|pages=1699–1734|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/66/10/R04|bibcode = 2003RPPh...66.1699B}}</ref>
|}
In 2008, a new weather station at about {{convert|8000|m|ft|abbr=on}} elevation went online.<ref name=uiaa>{{cite web|url=http://www.theuiaa.org/news_86_Everest-weather-station-goes-online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105213822/http://www.theuiaa.org/news_86_Everest-weather-station-goes-online|archive-date=5 January 2009|title=Everest weather station goes online |publisher=UIAA| date=16 June 2008|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> The project was orchestrated by Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE), which also placed the [[Mount Everest webcam]] in 2011.<ref name=uiaa/><ref name=hs>{{cite news|title=Mount Everest webcam gives new meaning to high-def|first=Claire|last=Connelly|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/aint-no-mountain-high-enough-webcam-streams-video-from-top-of-mount-everest/story-fn7celvh-1226153560068|newspaper=[[Herald Sun]]|date=30 September 2011|access-date=30 September 2011|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104074827/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/technology/aint-no-mountain-high-enough-webcam-streams-video-from-top-of-mount-everest/story-fn7celvh-1226153560068/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The solar-powered weather station is on the [[South Col]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gewex.org/2009Conf_gewex_posters/Vuillermoz_GP1-20.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119173246/http://gewex.org/2009Conf_gewex_posters/Vuillermoz_GP1-20.pdf|archive-date=19 November 2011|first1=Agostino|last1=da Polenza|first2=Elisa|last2=Vuillermoz|first3=Gian Pietro|last3=Verza|first4=Alberto|last4=Cortinovis|publisher=Ev-K2-CNR Committee|location=Italy|title=SHARE: Everest Automatic Weather Station: South Col, Mt. Everest, Nepal}}</ref>

Mount Everest extends into the upper [[troposphere]] and penetrates the [[stratosphere]].<ref name="dz">{{cite web |author=godhead/v |title=The Open Graveyard of Mt. Everest's 'Death Zone' |url=https://gizmodo.com/5755875/abandoned-on-mt-everest |access-date=20 September 2015 |website=Gizmodo |date=10 February 2011 |publisher=Gawker Media |archive-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023040829/https://gizmodo.com/5755875/abandoned-on-mt-everest |url-status=dead }}</ref> The air pressure at the summit is generally about one-third what it is at sea level. The altitude can expose the summit to the fast and freezing winds of the [[jet stream]].<ref name=Peplow2004>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/news040524-2 |title=High winds suck oxygen from Everest |first1=Mark |last1=Peplow |date=25 May 2004 |journal=Nature}}</ref> Winds commonly attain {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on|order=flip}};<ref name="theweek">{{cite news |title=The deadly odds of climbing Mount Everest: By the numbers |work=The Week |url=https://theweek.com/articles/475353/deadly-odds-climbing-mount-everest-by-numbers |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603173923/https://theweek.com/articles/475353/deadly-odds-climbing-mount-everest-by-numbers |url-status=live }}</ref> in February 2004, a wind speed of {{convert|175|mph|km/h|abbr=on|-1|order=flip}} was recorded at the summit.

These winds can hamper or endanger climbers, by blowing them into chasms<ref name="theweek" /> or (by [[Bernoulli's principle]]) by lowering the air pressure further, reducing available oxygen by up to 14 percent.<ref name="Peplow2004" /><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/everest/about/physiology.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713003833/https://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/everest/about/physiology.htm|archive-date=13 July 2015|title=The Physiological Effects of Altitude|website=TheTech|access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref> To avoid the harshest winds, climbers typically aim for a 7- to 10-day window in the spring and fall when the Asian [[monsoon]] season is starting up or ending.

Mount Everest hosts several weather stations that collect important data on high-altitude weather conditions. Among them is the Balcony Station, the highest weather station on the planet, located at about {{convert|8430|m|ft}} above sea level. Set up by climate scientists Tom Matthews and Baker Perry in 2019, this station is positioned just below the summit of Everest, which is the highest point on Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weather Stations on Mount Everest |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/weather-stations-mount-everest/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=nationalgeographic.com |archive-date=28 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828200932/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/weather-stations-mount-everest/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of January 20, 2020, the Balcony Station ceased transmitting data.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Highest Weather Station Installed on Mount Everest|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/mount-everest-highest-weather-station-perpetual-planet|access-date=2024-08-28|website=nationalgeographic.com|date=13 June 2019 |archive-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828200932/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/mount-everest-highest-weather-station-perpetual-planet|url-status=live}}</ref>