Editing Moscow (section)

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Moscow}}
[[File:Moscow, VDNKh, Central Alley after rain (30580970263).jpg|thumb|[[Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy|VDNKh]] after rain]]
Moscow has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'') with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of [[Eastern Canada]] or [[Siberia]] – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the [[Atlantic Ocean]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from {{convert|−25|C}} in the city and {{convert|−30|C}} in the suburbs to above {{convert|5|C}} in the winter, and from {{convert|10|to|35|C}} in the summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве |trans-title=The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010 |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |language=ru |access-date=12 March 2013 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063819/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Петровский путевой дворец (зима, 2018).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Petrovsky Palace]] on [[Leningradsky Avenue]] in winter]]
Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable {{convert|20|to|26|C}}, but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed {{convert|30|C}}, sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately {{convert|−10|C}}, though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above {{convert|0|C}}, and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below {{convert|−20|C}}. These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |title=Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark |access-date=30 July 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194124/https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round |url-status=live }}</ref>

The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|38.2|C}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |title=Climate monitoring |access-date=27 July 2006 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070527/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> at the [[VVC weather station]] and {{convert|39.0|C}} in the center of Moscow and [[Domodedovo airport]] on 29 July 2010, during the unusual [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves]]. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.<ref name="pogoda (data)">{{cite web |url=http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=15 December 2012 |language=ru |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105211/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is {{convert|19.7|C}}. The lowest ever recorded temperature was {{convert|−42.1|C}} in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March.

On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |title=Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php |url-status=live }}</ref> This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as [[Edinburgh]]. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |title=Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December |last=Luxmoore |first=Matthew |date=2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |title=How to survive in Moscow without sunshine |date=2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is {{convert|−6.2|C}}, in the suburbs it is about {{convert|−8.3|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |title=Climate of Vladimir |language=ru |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of [[Moscow Oblast]] can sometimes be more than {{convert|10|C-change}} on frosty winter nights.
<!---IMPORTANT NOTE: Moscow is large and naturally has different records at different points. For records for All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VVC (VDNKh) weather station), see [[Climate of Moscow]]--->
{{Moscow weatherbox}}

{{Weather box
|location = Moscow ([[VVC weather station|VVC]]) normals 1961–1990
|collapsed=yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = −6.3
|Feb high C = −4.2
|Mar high C =  1.5
|Apr high C = 10.4
|May high C = 18.4
|Jun high C = 21.7
|Jul high C = 23.1
|Aug high C = 21.5
|Sep high C = 15.4
|Oct high C =  8.2
|Nov high C =  1.1
|Dec high C = −3.5
|year high C=  8.9
|Jan mean C = −9.3
|Feb mean C = −7.7
|Mar mean C = −2.2
|Apr mean C =  5.8
|May mean C = 13.1
|Jun mean C = 16.6
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 16.4
|Sep mean C = 11.1
|Oct mean C =  5.1
|Nov mean C = −1.2
|Dec mean C = −6.1
|year mean C=  5.0
|Jan low C = −12.3
|Feb low C = −11.1
|Mar low C =  −5.6
|Apr low C =   1.7
|May low C =   7.6
|Jun low C =  11.5
|Jul low C =  13.5
|Aug low C =  12.0
|Sep low C =   7.1
|Oct low C =   2.0
|Nov low C =  −3.3
|Dec low C =  −8.6
|year low C=   1.2

|source 1 = <ref name="thermograph">{{cite web |url=http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |title=WMO averages |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |title=VVC info |access-date=3 April 2018 |language=ru |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Climate">{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |access-date=12 January 2011 |title=Climate monitor 2005–2011 |language=ru |archive-date=17 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Meteoweb">{{cite web |url=http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |title=Average monthly Sunshine hours |access-date=12 January 2011 |publisher=Meteoweb.ru |language=ru |archive-date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=January 2011
}}

Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of [[global warming]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |title=Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (V4): Global Maps |access-date=13 September 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202101720/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |url-status=live }}</ref> though by definition, [[climate change]] is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave|2010]], 2011, [[Heat waves of 2021#June|2021]]). Along with a southern part of [[Central Federal District|Central Russia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004255/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia |work=weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002752/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref> after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets [[Humid continental climate#Koppen Dfa|hot-summer classification]] trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was {{convert|-12.0|C}}, while now it is about {{convert|−7.0|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |title=where to stay in moscow |publisher=Gezily |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141540/https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching {{convert|−30.0|C}} a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013).

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:
{{Weather box
|location=Moscow (2014–2024, [[VVC weather station|VVC]])
|collapsed=
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan high C= −4.2
|Feb high C= −1.6
|Mar high C=  4.3
|Apr high C= 11.7
|May high C= 19.3
|Jun high C= 22.9
|Jul high C= 24.4
|Aug high C= 23.7
|Sep high C= 17.0
|Oct high C=  8.7
|Nov high C=  1.8
|Dec high C= −2.0
|year high C=10.5
|Jan mean C= −6.2
|Feb mean C= −3.7
|Mar mean C= 0.8
|Apr mean C=  7.3
|May mean C= 14.1
|Jun mean C= 17.7
|Jul mean C= 19.6
|Aug mean C= 18.8
|Sep mean C= 13.0
|Oct mean C=  6.3
|Nov mean C=  0.3
|Dec mean C= −3.4
|year mean C= 7.1
|Jan low C= −7.9
|Feb low C= −5.8
|Mar low C= −2.7
|Apr low C=  2.9
|May low C=  8.9
|Jun low C= 12.5
|Jul low C= 14.9
|Aug low C= 13.9
|Sep low C=  9.1
|Oct low C=  3.8
|Nov low C= −1.2
|Dec low C= −4.7
|year low C= 3.6
|Jan sun=  37
|Feb sun=  65
|Mar sun= 142
|Apr sun= 213
|May sun= 274
|Jun sun= 299
|Jul sun= 323
|Aug sun= 242
|Sep sun= 171
|Oct sun=  88
|Nov sun=  33
|Dec sun=  14
|source 1= weatheronline.co.uk<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |title=Temperature – Moscow |website=WeatherOnline |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073042/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=April 2024
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|-
! colspan="8" |Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values)
|-
|North
|Northeast
|East
|South East
|Southern
|Southwest
|West
|Northwest
|-
|15%
|6.8%
|7.8%
|12.2%
|12.6%
|14.6%
|16.4%
|14.5%
|-
| colspan="8" | Source: world-weather.ru<ref>[http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/ world-weather.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055137/http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/|date=26 July 2016}}</ref>
|}