Editing Military science (section)

==Military and society==
This speciality examines the ways that military and society interact and shape each other. The dynamic intersection where military and society meet is influenced by trends in society and the security environment.<ref name="sciences">{{Citation |last=Shields |first=Patricia M. |title=Dynamic Intersection of Military and Society |date=2020 |work=Handbook of Military Sciences |pages=1–23 |editor-last=Sookermany |editor-first=Anders |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_31-1 |isbn=978-3-030-02866-4|doi-access=free }}</ref> This field of study can be linked to works by Clausewitz ("War is the continuation of politics by other means"<ref>Clausewitz, C. V. (1984). ''On War'' (trans. and ed.: Howard, M., & Paret, P.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.</ref>) and Sun Tzu ("If not in the interest of the state, do not act" <ref>Tzu, ''The Art of War'', XII.17</ref>). The contemporary multi and interdisciplinary field traces its origin to World War II and works by sociologists and political scientists.<ref name = sciences/> This field of study includes "all aspects of relations between armed forces, as a political, social and economic institution, and the society, state or political ethnic movement of which they are a part".<ref>Forster, A. (2005). Armed forces and society in Europe. p. 9. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.</ref> Topics often included within the purview of military and society include: veterans, women in the military, military families, enlistment and retention, reserve forces, military and religion,<ref>Levy Y. (2020) Military and Religion. In: Sookermany A. (eds) Handbook of Military Sciences. Springer, Cham {{doi|10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_32-1}}</ref> military privatization, [[civil-military relations]],<ref>Pion-Berlin D., Dudley D. (2020) Civil-Military Relations: What Is the State of the Field. In: Sookermany A. (eds) Handbook of Military Sciences. Springer, Cham {{doi|10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_37-1}}</ref> civil-military cooperation, military and popular culture, military and the media, military and disaster assistance, military and the environment and the blurring of military and police functions.

===Recruitment and retention===
In an all-volunteer military, the armed forces relies on market forces and careful recruiting to fill its ranks. It is thus, very important to understand factors that motivate enlistment and reenlistment. Service members must have the mental and physical ability to meet the challenges of military service and adapt to the military's values and culture.<ref name = sciences/> Studies show that enlistment motivation generally incorporates both self-interest (pay) and non-market values like adventure, patriotism, and comradeship.<ref>Eighmey, J. (2006). Why do youth enlist?: Identification of underlying themes. Armed Forces & Society, 32(2), 307–328.</ref><ref>Bury, P. (2017). Recruitment and retention in British Army reserve logistics units. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 43(4), 608–631.</ref><ref>Griffith, J. (2008). Institutional motives for serving in the U.S. Army National Guard: Implications for recruitment, retention, and readiness. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 34(2), 230–258.</ref>

===Veterans===
The study of veterans or members of the military who leave and return to the society is one of the most important subfields of the military and society field of study. Veterans and their issues represent a microcosm of the field. Military recruits represent inputs that flow from the community into the armed forces, veterans are outputs that leave the military and reenter society changed by their time as soldiers, sailors, marines and airmen. Both society and veteran face multiple layers of adaptation and adjustment upon their reentry.<ref>Griffith J., Connelly V., Catignani S., Johansson E. (2020) Reservists and Veterans: Viewed from Within and Without. In: Sookermany A. (eds) ''Handbook of Military Sciences''. Springer, Cham. {{doi|10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_34-1}} {{URL| https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_34-1}}</ref><ref>Kohen, A. I., & Shields, P. M. (1980). Reaping the spoils of defeat: Labor market experiences of Vietnam-era veterans. ''Strangers at home: Vietnam veterans since the War'', 181-211.</ref>

The definition of veteran is surprisingly fluid across countries. In the US, veteran's status is established after a service member has completed a minimum period of service. Australia requires deployment to a combat zone.<ref>Burdett, H., Woodhead, C., Iversen, A. C., Wessely, S., Dandeker, C., & Fear, N. T. (2013). "Are you a veteran?" understanding of the term "veteran" among UK ex-service personnel: A research note. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 39(4), 751–759.</ref> In the UK "Everyone who has performed military service for at least one day and drawn a day's pay is termed a veteran."<ref>Dandeker, C., Wessely, S., Iversen, A., & Ross, J. (2006). What's in a name? Defining and caring for "veterans": The United Kingdom in international perspective. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 32(2), p. 163.</ref> The study of veterans focuses much attention on their, sometimes, uneasy transition back to civilian society. "Veterans must navigate a complex cultural transition when moving between environments," and they can expect positive and negative transition outcomes.<ref>Cooper, L., Caddick, N., Godier, L., Cooper, A., & Fossey, M. (2018). Transition from the military into civilian life: An exploration of cultural competence. Armed Forces & Society, 44(1), p. 156</ref> Finding a good job and reestablishing a fulfilling family life is high on their resettlement agenda.<ref>Shields P.M. (2020) Dynamic Intersection of Military and Society. In: Sookermany A. (eds) ''Handbook of Military Sciences''. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_31-1 https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_31-1</ref>

Military life is often violent and dangerous. The trauma of combat often results in post-traumatic stress disorder as well as painful physical health challenges<ref>Hinojosa, R., Hinojosa, M. S., & Nguyen, J. (2019). Military service and physical capital: Framing musculoskeletal disorders among American military veterans using [[Pierre Bourdieu]]'s theory of [[cultural capital]]. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 45(2), 268–290</ref> which often lead to [[homelessness]], [[suicide]], [[Substance use disorder|substance]], and [[Alcohol use disorder|excessive alcohol use]], and family dysfunction.<ref>Wolfe-Clark, A. L., & Bryan, C. J. (2017). Integrating two theoretical models to understand and prevent military and veteran suicide. Armed Forces & Society, 43(3), 478–499.</ref><ref>Griffith, J. (2010). Citizens coping as soldiers: A review of postdeployment stress symptoms among deployed reservists. ''Military Psychology'', 22, 176–206</ref> Society recognizes its responsibilities to veterans by offering programs and policies designed to redress these problems. Veterans also exert an influence on society often through the political process.<ref>Griffith, J. (2020). Community service and voting among veterans and nonveterans using a national sample of college undergraduates. ''Armed Forces and Society'', 46(2), 323–341.</ref><ref>Inbody, D. S. (2016). The soldier vote: War, politics, and the ballot in America. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.</ref> For example, how do veterans vote and establish party affiliation? During the 2004 presidential election veterans were basically bipartisan.<ref>Teigen, J. M. (2007). Veterans' party identification, candidate affect, and vote choice in the 2004 U.S. presidential election. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 33(3), 414–437.</ref> Veterans who fought in Croatia's war of independence voted for the nationalist parties in greater numbers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lesschaeve |first=Christophe |date= 2020|title=Voting After Violence: How Combat Experiences and Postwar Trauma Affect Veteran and Voter Party Choices in Croatia's 2003 Postwar Elections |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X18819244 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=259–280 |doi=10.1177/0095327X18819244 |issn=0095-327X}}</ref>

===Reserve forces===
[[Military reserve force|Reserve forces]] are service members who serve the armed forces on a part-time basis. These men and women constitute a "reserve" force that countries rely on for their defense, disaster support, and some day-to-day operations etc. In the United States an active reservist spends a weekend a month and two weeks a year in training. The size of a county's reserve force often depends on the type of recruitment method. Nations with a volunteer force tend to have a lower reserve percentage.<ref name="doi.org">{{Citation |last1=Griffith |first1=James |title=Reservists and Veterans: Viewed from Within and Without |date=2020 |work=Handbook of Military Sciences |pages=1–26 |editor-last=Sookermany |editor-first=Anders |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-02866-4_34-1 |isbn=978-3-030-02866-4 |last2=Connelly |first2=Vince |last3=Catignani |first3=Sergio |last4=Johansson |first4=Eva|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Recently the role of the reserves has changed. In many countries it has gone from a strategic force, largely static, to an operational force, largely dynamic.<ref name="doi.org"/> After WWII, relatively large standing forces took care of most operational needs. Reserves were held back strategically and deployed in times of emergency for example during the Cuban missile crisis.<ref>Drew, N. S. (1999). NSC-68: Forging the strategy of containment. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, NSC-20/4, Sec. 21 (a), 31.</ref> Subsequently, the strategic and budget situation changed and as a result the active duty military began to rely on reserve force, particularly for combat support and combat service support.<ref>Carafano, J. J. (2005). Total Force and the Abrams doctrine: Unfulfilled promise, uncertain future. Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute.</ref> Further large-scale military operation, routinely mobilize and deploy reservists <ref>Whitlock, J. E. (2006). How to make army force generation work for the Army Reserve component. Carlisle Barracks: Strategic Studies Institute, Army War College</ref>

Lomsky-Feder et al (2008p. 594) introduced the metaphor of reserve forces as ''transmigrants'' who live "betwixt and between the civilian and military worlds".<ref>Lomsky-Feder, E., Gazit, N., & Ben-Ari, E. (2008). Reserve soldiers as transmigrants: Moving between the civilian and military worlds. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 34(4), p. 594.</ref> This metaphor captures "their structural duality" and suggests dynamic nature of reservist experience as they navigate commitments to their often conflicting civilian and military worlds.<ref>Lomsky-Feder, E., Gazit, N., & Ben-Ari, E. (2008). Reserve soldiers as transmigrants: Moving between the civilian and military worlds. ''Armed Forces & Society'', 34(4), 593–614.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gazit |first1=Nir |last2=Lomsky-Feder |first2=Edna |last3=Ari |first3=Eyal Ben |date= 2021|title=Military Covenants and Contracts in Motion: Reservists as Transmigrants 10 Years Later |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0095327X20924034 |journal=Armed Forces & Society |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=616–634 |doi=10.1177/0095327X20924034 |issn=0095-327X}}</ref> Given their greater likelihood of lengthy deployment, reservists face many of the same stresses as active duty but often with fewer support services.<ref>Griffith, J. (2019). Family readiness groups: Helping deployed Army National Guard soldiers and their families. ''Journal of Community Psychology'', 48(3), 804–817.</ref>