Editing Medical ultrasound (section)

=== Neonatology ===
In [[neonatology]], [[transcranial Doppler]] can be used for basic assessment of intracerebral structural abnormalities, suspected hemorrhage, [[ventriculomegaly]] or [[hydrocephalus]] and anoxic insults ([[periventricular leukomalacia]]). It can be performed through the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant ([[Fontanelle]]) until these completely close at about 1 year of age by which time they have formed a virtually impenetrable acoustic barrier to ultrasound.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Hiroko |last2=Yasuhara |first2=Akihiro |last3=Kobayashi |first3=Yohnosuke |title=Transcranial Doppler sonographic studies of cerebral blood flow velocity in neonates |journal=Pediatric Neurology |date=March 1991 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |doi=10.1016/0887-8994(91)90005-6|pmid=2059249 }}</ref> The most common site for [[cranial ultrasound]] is the anterior fontanelle. The smaller the fontanelle, the more the image is compromised.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Lung ultrasound has been found to be useful in diagnosing common neonatal respiratory diseases such as transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and pneumothorax.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Yogen |last2=Tissot |first2=Cecile |last3=Fraga |first3=María V. |last4=Yousef |first4=Nadya |last5=Cortes |first5=Rafael Gonzalez |last6=Lopez |first6=Jorge |last7=Sanchez-de-Toledo |first7=Joan |last8=Brierley |first8=Joe |last9=Colunga |first9=Juan Mayordomo |last10=Raffaj |first10=Dusan |last11=Da Cruz |first11=Eduardo |last12=Durand |first12=Philippe |last13=Kenderessy |first13=Peter |last14=Lang |first14=Hans-Joerg |last15=Nishisaki |first15=Akira |date=2020-02-24 |title=International evidence-based guidelines on Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) for critically ill neonates and children issued by the POCUS Working Group of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) |journal=Critical Care |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=65 |doi=10.1186/s13054-020-2787-9 |doi-access=free |issn=1466-609X |pmc=7041196 |pmid=32093763}}</ref> A neonatal lung ultrasound score, first described by Brat et al., has been found to highly correlate with oxygenation in the newborn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brat |first1=Roselyne |last2=Yousef |first2=Nadya |last3=Klifa |first3=Roman |last4=Reynaud |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shankar Aguilera |first5=Shivani |last6=De Luca |first6=Daniele |date=August 2015 |title=Lung Ultrasonography Score to Evaluate Oxygenation and Surfactant Need in Neonates Treated With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26237465 |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |volume=169 |issue=8 |pages=e151797 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1797 |issn=2168-6211 |pmid=26237465}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelner |first1=Jacob |last2=Moote |first2=Douglas |last3=Shah |first3=Rahul |last4=Anuar |first4=Amirul |last5=Golioto |first5=Annmarie |date=2024-08-09 |title=Lung Ultrasound Score for Prediction of Surfactant Administration in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Failure |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39122885 |journal=Journal of Perinatology|volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1258–1263 |doi=10.1038/s41372-024-02090-3 |issn=1476-5543 |pmid=39122885}}</ref>