Editing Media of Canada (section)

==Newspapers==
{{Main|History of Canadian newspapers}}
{{See also|List of Canadian newspapers}}
The first period of Canadian journalism spanned from 1752–1807; the second period spanned from 1807–1858; the third period spanned from 1858–1900; the fourth period spans from the beginning of the twentieth century to current day.<ref name="newspaperscanada1">{{cite web |url=http://www.newspaperscanada.ca/aboutnewspapers/history |title=The Evolution of Newspapers &#124; Newspapers Canada |publisher=Newspaperscanada.ca |access-date=2011-12-16 |archive-date=April 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401044449/http://www.newspaperscanada.ca/aboutnewspapers/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first period consisted of newspapers brought and inserted into Canadian society by colonies in New England. The first was the [[Halifax Gazette]], issued on March 23, 1752. The second period began as settlers arrived from Britain and the United States; newspapers began to gain popularity in the [[Maritimes|Maritime]] regions. During the third period, the discovery of gold brought settlers to the Pacific Coast region, and there was a growing interest in domestic affairs. Finally, the twentieth century saw a substantial change in Canadian newspapers. After the two world wars, as well as the industrial developments that followed these wars, the circulation of French and English newspapers in Canada increased to more than 5.7 million in 1989. By the mid-1980s, there were 110 daily newspapers. Nowadays, there are 105.<ref name="newspaperscanada1" />

Although online readership has been on the rise, studies by [http://nadbank.com/ NADbank] show that print readership is "business as usual." Nearly 8 in 10 [[Canadians]] read a daily newspaper each week, and print readership continues to grow at about 2 percent each year.<ref>Crassweller, Anne. "Readership is "business as usual" in Canada" IMMA. http://www.inma.org/blogs/value-content/post.cfm/readership-is-ldquo-business-as-usual-rdquo-in-canada, Retrieved November 17, 2011.</ref> However, website readership is growing faster, at a rate of 4 percent. Although print readership is currently larger, website readership is growing at a faster rate, suggesting that a takeover is possible in the future. The baby boomer generation, who are over 50 years old, continue to prefer print to online journalism, while younger adults are more likely to read online newspapers due to easier access and limits on time. Furthermore, paid daily newspapers dominate the market but free dailies are gaining popularity in recent times. Advertisers continue to rely on print newspapers to reach Canadians in their home or work environments. For these reasons, print newspapers as a mass medium do not seem to be dying in Canada. They might not be as healthy as they were without any competition from online sources, but they are holding their own ground, according to Statistics Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/63f0002x/63f0002x2007051-eng.htm |title=Revenue Fluctuations for Newspapers Publishers |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2009-01-02 |access-date=2011-12-16}}</ref>

Canada currently has two major national newspapers: ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' and ''[[National Post]]''. Though not widely read outside Quebec, ''[[Le Devoir]]'' is the French-language counterpart to the national newspapers. The newspaper with the highest circulation overall is the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', while the newspaper with the highest readership per capita is the ''[[Windsor Star]]'' (with the ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' running a very close second).

In addition, almost all Canadian cities are served by at least one daily [[newspaper]], along with community and neighbourhood weeklies. In large cities that have more than one daily newspaper, usually at least one daily is a [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] format; bilingual cities like [[Montreal]] and [[Ottawa]] have important papers in both French and English.

Canadian newspapers are mostly owned by large chains.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Lindgren|first1=April|last2=Jolly|first2=B.|last3=Sabatini|first3=C.|last4=Wong|first4=C.|date=2019|title=Good News, Bad News: A snapshot of conditions at small-market newspapers in Canada|url=http://portal.journalism.ryerson.ca/goodnewsbadnews/|website=The Local News Research Project}}</ref> At various times there have been concerns about [[Concentration of media ownership#Canada|concentration of newspaper ownership]], notably in 1970 and 1980 with two commissions, the [[Keith Davey|Davey Committee]] on combines and the [[Royal Commission on Newspapers|Kent Royal Commission on Newspapers]] respectively, as well as more recently when [[Conrad Black]]'s [[Hollinger Inc.|Hollinger]] acquired [[Southam Newspapers]] in the late 1990s. When Hollinger sold its Canadian properties, however, many of their smaller-market newspapers were in fact purchased by a variety of new ownership groups such as [[Osprey Media]], increasing the diversity of newspaper ownership for the first time in many years.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Newspapers owned by large chains, 2018<ref name=":0" />
|-
! Title
! Daily newspapers
! Community newspapers
! Total newspapers
|-
| [[Postmedia Network Inc.]] / [[Sun Media]]
| 35
| 86
| 121
|-
| [[Torstar Corp.]] / [[Metroland Media Group|Metroland]] 
| 12
| 78
| 100
|-
| [[Black Press Media|Black Press Ltd.]] 
| 3
| 85
| 88
|-
| snapd Inc. 
| 0
| 72
| 72
|-
| [[Glacier Media]] / [[Alta Newspaper Group]]
| 5
| 44
| 49
|-
| [[SaltWire Network]] 
| 8
| 25
| 33
|-
| TransMet Logistics/Metropolitan Media
| 1
| 25
| 26
|- 
| [[Brunswick News Inc.]]{{ref label|BNI|a}}
| 3
| 19
| 22
|-
|- 
| TC Media
| 0
| 21
| 21
|-
|- 
| Icimédias inc.
| 0
| 20
| 20
|-
|}
:{{note label|BNI|a|a|Brunswick News Inc. was purchased by Postmedia in 2022. <ref>{{cite news |last=Ibrahim |first=Hadeel |date=2022-02-18 |title=Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427 |work=CBC News |access-date=2023-06-28}}</ref>}}

Additionally, the 1980s and 1990s saw the emergence of city-based [[alternative weekly]] newspapers, geared toward a younger audience with coverage of the arts and alternative news. In recent years, many of these weeklies have also been acquired or driven out of business by conglomerates like [[Canwest]], [[Quebecor]] and [[Brunswick News]]. Smaller newspapers like ''[[The Dominion (Canada)|The Dominion]]'', publishing primarily online but in a newspaper format, have attempted to fill gaps in Canada's journalistic coverage while avoiding the vulnerabilities of the previous generation of [[alternative media]].

In the 2000s, a number of online news and culture magazines also launched with the goal of providing [[Alternative Media|alternative sources of journalism]]. Some important online publications include ''[[rabble.ca]]'', ''[[The Tyee]]'', ''[[The Vancouver Observer]]'', and ''[[SooToday.com]]''. Similarly, as of 2006, Canada had over 250 ethnic newspapers.<ref name="ojo" />

The late 2010s have seen an expansion in online news partisan outlets with ties to the major political parties in Canada, such as ''North99'' with the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], ''[[The Post Millennial]]'' with the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservatives]], and ''[[Broadbent Institute#PressProgress|PressProgress]]'' with the [[New Democratic Party|NDP]] have received attention though their massive mostly social-based following.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadalandshow.com/guide-to-new-popular-populist-political-media/|title=The CANADALAND Guide To New Popular, Populist Political Media|website=canadalandshow.com|date=January 7, 2019|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref>