Editing Marrakesh (section)

===City walls and gates===
{{Main|Walls of Marrakesh}}
[[File:Marrakesh walls DSCF8292.jpg|left|thumb|Walls of the historic medina of Marrakesh]]
The ramparts of Marrakesh, which stretch for some {{convert|19|km}} around the medina of the city, were built by the Almoravids in the 12th century as protective fortifications. The walls are made of a distinct orange-red clay and chalk, giving the city its nickname as the "red city"; they stand up to {{convert|19|ft}} high and have 20 gates and 200 towers along them.{{sfn|Christiani|2009|p=43}}
[[File:Marrakech (47075469664).jpg|thumb|[[Bab Agnaou]], the historic gate of the [[Kasbah]]]]
Of the city's gates, one of the best-known is [[Bab Agnaou]], built in the late 12th century by the Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur as the main public entrance to the new [[Kasbah of Marrakesh|Kasbah]].{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=}}{{Sfn|Salmon|2018}} The gate's carved floral ornamentation is framed by three panels marked with an inscription from the [[Quran]] in [[Maghrebi script]] using foliated [[Kufic]] letters.{{Sfn|Deverdun|1959|p=480}} The medina has at least eight main historic gates: [[Bab Doukkala]], [[Bab el-Khemis (Marrakesh)|Bab el-Khemis]], [[Bab ad-Debbagh]], Bab Aylan, [[Bab Aghmat]], [[Bab er Robb|Bab er-Robb]], Bab el-Makhzen and Bab el-'Arissa. These date back to the 12th century during the Almoravid period and many of them have been modified since.<ref name="Allain-1957">{{Cite journal|last1=Allain|first1=Charles|last2=Deverdun|first2=Gaston|date=1957|title=Les portes anciennes de Marrakech|url=http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/fr/index.php/archives/archives-1959-1950/132-hesperis-tamuda-1957|journal=Hespéris|volume=44|pages=85–126|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228031528/http://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/fr/index.php/archives/archives-1959-1950/132-hesperis-tamuda-1957|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wilbaux|2001}}