Editing Manchuria (section)

=== Early history ===

[[File:Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A 12th-century [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jurchen]] stone tortoise in today's [[Ussuriysk]]]]
[[File:Three Kingdoms of Korea Map.png|thumb|250px|The [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]] occupied roughly half of Manchuria, 5th century AD]]
Manchuria was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including [[Manchu people|Manchu]], [[Mongols]], [[Koreans]], [[Nani people|Nanai]], [[Nivkhs]], [[Ulchs]], [[Hui]], possibly [[Turkic peoples]], and [[Han Chinese|ethnic Han Chinese]] in southern Manchuria.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the [[Sushen]], [[Donghu people|Donghu]], [[Xianbei]], [[Wuhuan]], [[Mohe people|Mohe]], [[Khitan people|Khitan]] and [[Jurchens]], have risen to power in Manchuria. [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]] kingdoms such as [[Gojoseon]] (before 108 BCE), [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]] (2nd century BCE to 494 CE) and [[Goguryeo]] (37 BCE to 688 CE) also became established in large parts of this area. The Chinese [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] (221–206 BCE), [[Han dynasty|Han]] (202 BCE–9 CE and 25 CE–220 CE), [[Cao Wei]] (220–266), [[Western Jin dynasty|Western Jin]] (266–316), and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618–690 and 705–907) dynasties controlled parts of Manchuria.<ref>''The Cambridge History of China'', Vol. 03: "Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part 1," at 32, 33.</ref> Parts of northwestern Manchuria came under the control of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] of 552–603 and of the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]] of 581–630. Early Manchuria had a mixed economy of hunting, fishing, livestock, and agriculture.

With the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1269) to the south, the [[Khitan people]] of [[Inner Mongolia]] created the [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125) and conquered Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, going on to control the adjacent part of the [[Sixteen Prefectures]] in [[North China|Northern China]] as well. The Liao dynasty became the first state to control all of Manchuria.<ref>*[https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA227 Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands By Mark Hudson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111803/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA227 |date=16 November 2022 }}
* Ledyard, 1983, 323</ref>

[[File:Yuan dynasty and Manchuria.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of [[Manchuria under Yuan rule]] in the 14th century, including [[provinces of the Yuan Empire|province]] of [[Liaoyang]] and northern Korea]]
[[File:Map-Qing Dynasty 1616-en.jpg|thumb|250px|Map [[Manchuria under Ming rule]] in 1616, the homeland of the [[Jurchens]] who became the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] and founded [[Later Jin (1616–1636)]]]]
In the early 12th century, the [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] Jurchen people, who were Liao's tributaries, overthrew the Liao and formed the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]], which went on to control parts of Northern China and Mongolia [[Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty|after a series of successful military campaigns]]. During the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] rule of China (1271–1368),<ref>Berger, Patricia A. ''Empire of emptiness: Buddhist art and political authority in Qing China''. p.25.</ref> Manchuria was [[Manchuria under Yuan rule|administered]] as [[Liaoyang province]]. In 1375 [[Naghachu]], a Mongol official of the Mongolia-based [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] of 1368–1635 in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong, but later [[Ming campaign against the Uriankhai|surrendered to the Ming dynasty]] in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas, the Ming dynasty decided to "pacify" the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming [[Manchuria under Ming rule|solidified control over Manchuria]] under the [[Yongle Emperor]] ({{reign | 1402 | 1424}}), establishing the [[Nurgan Regional Military Commission]] of 1409–1435. Starting in the 1580s, a [[Jianzhou Jurchens|Jianzhou Jurchen]] chieftain, [[Nurhaci]] (1558–1626), started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen [[Manchuria under Qing rule|took control of most of Manchuria]]. In 1616 Nurhaci founded the Later Jin dynasty, which later became known as the [[Qing dynasty]]. The Qing defeated the [[Evenks|Evenk]]-[[Daur people|Daur]] federation led by the Evenki chief [[Bombogor (chief)|Bombogor]] and beheaded Bombogor in 1640, with Qing armies massacring and deporting Evenkis and absorbing the survivors into the [[Eight Banners|Banners]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Crossley |first1= Pamela Kyle |title= A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology |date= 2002 |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 978-0-520-23424-6 |page= 196 |edition= illustrated, reprint |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196}}</ref>

[[File:A Tartar Huntsmen on His Horse.jpg|thumb|left|A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th-century ink-and-color painting on silk]]

Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "[[Chinese god]]", motifs such as the dragon, spirals, and scrolls, agriculture, husbandry, methods of heating, and material goods such as iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives including the [[Udege people|Udeghes]], [[Ulchi]]s, and [[Nani people|Nanais]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214 Forsyth 1994] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111804/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214 |date=16 November 2022 }}, p. 214.</ref>

In 1644, after peasant rebels sacked the [[Ming dynasty]]'s capital of Beijing, the Jurchens (now called Manchus) allied with Ming general [[Wu Sangui]] and seized control of Beijing, overthrowing the short-lived [[Shun dynasty]] (1644–1649) and establishing [[Qing-dynasty]] rule (1644–1912) over all of China. The Manchu conquest of China involved the deaths of over 25&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{cite news |title= 5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China |url= https://www.businessinsider.com/bloodiest-conflicts-in-chinese-history-2014-10 |work= Business Insider |date= 6 October 2014}}</ref> The Qing dynasty built the [[Willow Palisade]] – a system of ditches and embankments – during the later 17th century to restrict the movement of Han civilians into Jilin and Heilongjiang.<ref>Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." ''Journal of Asian Studies'' 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46. {{doi|10.2307/2658945}}</ref> Only [[Eight Banners|bannermen]], including Han bannermen, were allowed to settle in [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]].
[[File:Qing dynasty and Manchuria.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of [[Manchuria under Qing rule]] in 1820, including the provinces of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang]]
After conquering the Ming, the Qing often identified their state as "China" (中國, ''Zhongguo''; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as ''Dulimbai Gurun'' ("Middle Kingdom") in Manchu.<ref>*[https://books.google.com/books?id=NESwGW_5uLoC&pg=PA117 Hauer 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111804/https://books.google.com/books?id=NESwGW_5uLoC&pg=PA117 |date=16 November 2022 }}, p. 117.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80 Dvořák 1895] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112044/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80 |date=16 November 2022 }}, p. 80.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&pg=PA102 Wu 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112043/https://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&pg=PA102 |date=16 November 2022 }}, p. 102.</ref> In the ''[[Qing shilu]]'' the lands of the Qing state (including Manchuria and present-day Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet) are thus identified as "the Middle Kingdom" in both the Chinese and [[Manchu language|Manchu]] languages in roughly two-thirds of the cases, while the term refers to the traditional Chinese provinces populated by the Han in roughly one third of the cases. It was also common to use "China" (''Zhongguo'', ''Dulimbai gurun'') to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs. In diplomatic documents, the term "Chinese language" (''Dulimbai gurun i bithe'') referred to the Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國人 Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all Han, Manchus, and Mongol subjects of the Qing. The Qing explicitly stated that the lands in Manchuria belonged to "China" (Zhongguo, Dulimbai gurun) in Qing edicts and in the 1689 [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf Zhao 2006], pp. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.</ref>