Editing Mainz (section)

===20th century===
During the [[German Revolution of 1918]] the [[Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council]] was formed which ran the city from 9 November until the arrival of French troops under the terms of the [[occupation of the Rhineland]] agreed in the [[Armistice]]. The French occupation was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] which went into effect 28 June 1919. The [[Rhineland]] (in which Mainz is located) was to be a demilitarized zone until 1935 and the French garrison, representing the ''[[Triple Entente]]'', was to stay until reparations were paid.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-2">{{cite web |title=Die Rheinlandbesetzung (1918–1930) |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122935/https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Themen/die-rheinlandbesetzung-1918-1930/DE-2086/lido/57d133f17e43d1.98845861 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1923 Mainz participated in the Rhineland separatist movement that proclaimed a [[Rhenish Republic]].<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Mainz 1918–1930 |url=https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.1914-1930-rlp.de/index.php?id=21134 |url-status=live }}</ref> It collapsed in 1924.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> The French withdrew on 30 June 1930.<ref name="Mainz 1918–1930" /> [[Adolf Hitler]] became chancellor of Germany in January 1933 and his political opponents, especially those of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]], were either incarcerated or murdered.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933">{{cite web |title=regionalgeschichte.net |website=Machtergreifung 1933 |url=https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122706/https://www.mainz1933-1945.de/machtergreifung-1933.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some were able to move away from Mainz in time.<ref name="Machtergreifung 1933" /> One was the political organizer for the SPD, [[Friedrich Kellner]], who went to [[Laubach]], where, as the chief justice inspector of the district court, he continued his opposition against the Nazis by recording their misdeeds in a 900-page [[My Opposition|diary]].<ref name="Lölhöffel-2011">{{cite web |last=Lölhöffel |first=Helmut |title=Neue Dokumente über die NS-Zeit – Was die Deutschen über die Verbrechen wissen konnten – Kultur |website=[[Süddeutsche.de]] |date=14 June 2011 |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122815/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/ns-zeit-verbrechen-waren-bekannt-aus-den-graeben-kamen-schreie-1.1108170 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kellner-2018">{{cite book |last=Kellner |first=Friedrich |editor-first1=Robert Scott |editor-last1=Kellner |title=My Opposition |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=25 January 2018 |isbn=978-1-108-28969-6 |doi=10.1017/9781108289696 |page=}}</ref>

In March 1933, a detachment from the [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist Party]] in [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] brought the party to Mainz. They hoisted the [[swastika]] on all public buildings and began to denounce the Jewish population in the newspapers. In 1936, the Nazis [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|remilitarized the Rhineland]] with great fanfare, the first move of [[Nazi Germany]]'s meteoric expansion. The former Triple Entente took no action.<ref name="Portal Rheinische Geschichte-3">{{cite web |title=1933 bis 1945 – Nationalsozialismus und Zweiter Weltkrieg |website=Portal Rheinische Geschichte |url=https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122933/https://rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Epochen-und-Themen/Epochen/1933-bis-1945---nationalsozialismus-und-zweiter-weltkrieg-/DE-2086/lido/57ab25d840b824.40615976 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During World War II the citadel at Mainz hosted the [[Oflag XII-B]] prisoner of war camp.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-2006">{{cite web |title=Mainzer Zitadelle |website=regionalgeschichte.net |date=5 April 2006 |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131122705/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/rheinhessen/mainz/kulturdenkmaeler/zitadelle.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was also the location of four subcamps of the [[Hinzert concentration camp]], mostly for Luxembourgish, Polish, Dutch and Soviet prisoners, but also Belgian, French and Italian.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=834–837|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref>

{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}During World War II, several [[Bombing of Mainz in World War II|air raids]] destroyed about 80 per cent of the city's centre, including most of the historic buildings.<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6">{{cite web |title=Zerstörung und Aufbau in Mainz 1945–1948 |website=regionalgeschichte.net |url=https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |language=de |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131124922/https://www.regionalgeschichte.net/?id=7688 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mainz was captured on 22 March 1945<ref name="regionalgeschichte.net-6" /> against uneven German resistance (staunch in some sectors and weak in other parts of the city) by the [[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry Division]] under [[William A. McNulty]], a formation of the XII Corps under Third Army commanded by General [[George S. Patton]] Jr.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 164</ref>

From 1945 to 1949, the city was part of the [[French occupation zone in Germany|French zone of occupation]]. When the state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] was founded on 30 August 1946 by the commander of the French army on the French occupation zone [[Marie Pierre Kœnig]], Mainz became the capital of the new state.<ref>[http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg original text of Kœnig's order No. 57] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928025606/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/fileadmin/blick/images/30.08.0.1.full.jpg |date=28 September 2011}}; as can be found on [http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 Landeshauptarchiv Rheinland-Pfalz (main-archive of Rhineland-Palatinate)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524083053/http://www.landeshauptarchiv.de/index.php?id=329 |date=24 May 2011}}</ref> In 1962, the diarist, [[Friedrich Kellner]], returned to spend his last years in Mainz. His life in Mainz, and the impact of his [[My Opposition|writings]], is the subject of the Canadian documentary ''[[My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner]]''.<ref name="Levitt-2006">{{citation |last1=Levitt |first1=Fern |last2=Zipursky |first2=Arnie |author3=Abella Entertainment |author4=Chip Taylor Communications |title=Anti-Nazi : my opposition, the diaries of Friedrich Kellner |publisher=Chip Taylor Communications |publication-place=Derry, NH |year=2006 |oclc=186469537 |page=}}</ref>

Following the withdrawal of French forces from Mainz, the [[United States Army Europe]] occupied the military bases in Mainz.