Editing Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (section)

=== Foreign policy ===
{{main|Foreign relations of Brazil}}

[[File:FIDEL NA POSSE DO LULA EM 2003.jpg|thumb|Lula and Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]], 2003]]
[[File:President Barack Obama meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silvia crop.jpg|thumb|United States President [[Barack Obama]] greets Lula in the [[Oval Office]], 2009]]
[[File:Lula Khamenei Teerã 2010.jpg|thumbnail|Lula with [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] [[Ali Khamenei]], 2010]]
[[File:Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva & Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Brasilia, 27 May 2010 (5).jpg|thumb|Lula with Turkish Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] negotiated a failed 2010 [[Iran's nuclear fuel swap|Iran nuclear fuel swap deal]]]]
[[File:BRIC2010.jpg|thumb|Lula with leaders from Russia, China, and India at the [[2nd BRIC summit]]]]
In 1979, Lula was asked in an interview which historical figures he admired most. He answered: [[Gandhi]], [[Che Guevara]], and [[Mao Zedong]].<ref name="auto28">{{Cite web|url=https://www1-folha-uol-com-br.translate.goog/fsp/1994/4/21/brasil/10.html?_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|title=Lula declarou admirar Hitler e Khomeini|date=21 April 1994|website=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date=3 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303060533/https://www1-folha-uol-com-br.translate.goog/fsp/1994/4/21/brasil/10.html?_x_tr_sl=pt&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon being asked to give additional examples, he added Fidel Castro saying: "I admire in a man the fire to want to do something, and then his going out to try to do it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/27/magazine/poor-man-s-burden.html|title=Poor Man's Burden|first=Barry|last=Bearak|date=27 June 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=21 February 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221090902/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/27/magazine/poor-man-s-burden.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto28"/>

Leading a large agricultural state, Lula generally opposed and criticized farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Cancún [[World Trade Organization]] talks in 2003 over [[G8]] agricultural subsidies.<ref name=time>{{cite magazine|last=Padgett|first=Tim|date=26 April 2004|title=Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2004/time100/leaders/100lula.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028105714/http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/2004/time100/leaders/100lula.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2007 |access-date=26 March 2008}}</ref> Brazil played a role in negotiations regarding internal conflicts in Venezuela and [[Colombia]], and made efforts to strengthen [[Mercosur]].<ref name=ft>{{cite news|author1=Lapper, Richard|author2=Wheatley, Jonathan|author3=Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da|title=Interview transcript: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6d42ae3a-110b-11db-9a72-0000779e2340.html|work=[[The Financial Times]]|location=[[Brasília]], Brazil|date=11 July 2006 |access-date=5 April 2008 |archive-date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305083156/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6d42ae3a-110b-11db-9a72-0000779e2340.html |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses after 2003. In 2004, the surplus was US$29&nbsp;billion, due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil also provided UN peacekeeping troops and led a peacekeeping mission in [[Haiti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/mundo/ult94u680359.shtml|title=Tropas brasileiras ainda lideram missão no Haiti, diz Jobim|author=Cirilo Junior|date=16 January 2010|work=Folha de S.Paulo|access-date= 29 March 2012|archive-date= 22 March 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042415/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/mundo/ult94u680359.shtml|url-status= live}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Economist]]'' of 2 March 2006, Lula had a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue, a leader adept at reconciling opposites. As a result, he befriended both Venezuelan president [[Hugo Chávez]] and U.S. President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/5578770|title=Brazil: Lula's leap; The Economist talks to Brazil's president|newspaper=The Economist|date=2 March 2006|url-access=limited|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924215111/http://www.economist.com/node/5578770|url-status=live}}</ref> Former [[Finance Minister]], and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: "Lula is the ultimate pragmatist".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-latin5-2008oct05,0,1861646.story|title=Brazil's Lula takes center stage in Latin America|work=The Los Angeles Times|date=5 October 2008 |access-date=2 July 2009|first1=Chris|last1=Kraul|first2=Patrick J.|last2=McDonnell |archive-date=8 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008083022/http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-latin5-2008oct05,0,1861646.story |url-status=live}}</ref>

He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency.<ref name="al jaz" /> A goal of Lula's foreign policy was for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he was unsuccessful.<ref name="al jaz">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/05/201051863755456601.html|last=Davies|first=Rhodri|title=The axis of Brazil|work=Al Jazeera English|date=22 May 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201010053/http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2010/05/201051863755456601.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

====China====
From 2003 to 2010, Lula embraced China as central to reforming what he considered an unjust global order.<ref name="auto11">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/04/13/lula-should-be-clear-eyed-about-beijing|title=Lula Should Be Clear-Eyed About Beijing|work= Human Rights Watch|date=13 April 2023}}</ref> He intertwined the Chinese and Brazilian economies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPEK268985/|title=China signs $10 bln loan-for-oil deal with Brazil |website=[[Reuters]] |date=19 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/50190.pdf|title="Economic Relations between Brazil and China: A Difficult Partnership"|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=19 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419183710/https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/50190.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto11"/>  Lula stated Brazil's commitment to the One China principle that is the position held by the [[People's Republic of China]] and the ruling [[Chinese Communist Party]], saying that the government of the People's Republic of China was the sole legal government representing the whole of China, including [[Taiwan]]—as part of China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200906/t20090610_679258.html|title=Joint Communiqué Between the People's Republic of China and The Federative Republic of Brazil on Further Strengthening China-Brazil Strategic Partnership|website=mfa.gov.cn|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225062245/https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/200906/t20090610_679258.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Cuba ====
Lula and Cuban president [[Fidel Castro]] were longtime friends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN24215839/|title=Lula, Fidel Castro hold "emotional" meeting |website=Reuters|date=24 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/world/leftist-handily-wins-brazilian-presidential-race.html|title=Leftist Handily Wins Brazilian Presidential Race|first=Larry|last=Rohter|date=28 October 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=23 February 2024|archive-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223615/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/28/world/leftist-handily-wins-brazilian-presidential-race.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2003/09/27/brazil-cuba-sign-200m-in-business-deals|title=Brazil, Cuba Sign $200M in Business Deals.|website=MercoPress}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/25/fidel-castro-cuba-lula-brazil|title=Fidel Castro holds 'emotional' meeting with Brazilian president|first=Haroon|last=Siddique|date=25 February 2010|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 February 2024|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907111939/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/25/fidel-castro-cuba-lula-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref> The state-controlled Brazilian oil company [[Petrobras]] studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while the [[Odebrecht]] construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port of [[Mariel, Cuba|Mariel]] into the island's main commercial port.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN15536192/|title=Brazil's Lula offers Cuba oil knowhow, credit |website=Reuters}}</ref> Brazil's state-run [[Brazilian Development Bank]] gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel.<ref name="auto3"/> Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion in [[line of credit|credit line]]s to pay for Brazilian goods and services.<ref name="auto2"/>

==== Iran ====

The conviction by an Iranian court of Iranian [[Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani]] for the crime of adultery, with a sentence in 2006 of execution by stoning, led to calls for Lula to intercede on her behalf. In July 2010, Lula said "I need to respect the laws of a [foreign] country. If my friendship with the president of Iran and the respect that I have for him is worth something, if this woman has become a nuisance, we will receive her in Brazil". The Iranian government declined his offer.<ref name="washingtonpost1">{{cite news|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/08/lula_stonewalled_by_iran.html|first=Jackson|last=Diehl|author-link=Jackson Diehl|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Lula: Stonewalled by Iran|date=3 August 2010|access-date=26 July 2017|archive-date=1 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801031120/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/08/lula_stonewalled_by_iran.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/01/iran-stoning-woman-brazil|location=London|work=The Guardian|title=Iran stoning woman offered asylum by Brazil's president Lula|date=1 August 2010 | access-date=17 December 2016 | archive-date=14 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114175217/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/01/iran-stoning-woman-brazil | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mina Ahadi]], an Iranian Communist politician, welcomed Lula's offer, but reiterated a call for an end to stoning altogether and requested a cessation of recognition and support for the Iranian government.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://stopstonningnow.com/wpress/1377|title=Press Release 29: On Brazilian offer of asylum to Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani|publisher=International Committee Against Stoning|date=31 July 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125507/http://stopstonningnow.com/wpress/1377|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stopstonningnow.com/wpress/1492|first=Mina|last=Ahadi|author-link=Mina Ahadi|title=Open letter to the Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva A regime of stoning should not be recognised|publisher=International Committee Against Stoning|date=2 August 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511125520/http://stopstonningnow.com/wpress/1492|archive-date=11 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mirian|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/internacional/porta-voz-do-comite-internacional-contra-apedrejamento-envia-carta-aberta-a-lula|title=Porta voz do Comitê Internacional contra Apedrejamento envia carta aberta a Lula|work=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]]|publisher=[[Grupo Abril]]|date=21 August 2010|access-date=3 October 2010|archive-date=20 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820045612/http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/internacional/porta-voz-do-comite-internacional-contra-apedrejamento-envia-carta-aberta-a-lula|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Amauri Arrais |url=http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2010/07/lula-pode-ajudar-libertar-condenada-apedrejamento-diz-ativista-iraniana.html|title=G1 – Lula pode ajudar a libertar condenada a apedrejamento, diz ativista iraniana – notícias em Mundo|work=[[G1 (website)|G1]]|publisher=[[Grupo Globo]]|date=30 July 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802082415/http://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2010/07/lula-pode-ajudar-libertar-condenada-apedrejamento-diz-ativista-iraniana.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jackson Diehl]], deputy [[editorial page]] editor of ''[[The Washington Post]]'', called Lula the "best friend of tyrants in the democratic world," and criticised his actions.<ref name="washingtonpost1" /> [[Shirin Ebadi]], Iranian human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate called Lula's comments a "powerful message to the Islamic Republic".<ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shirin-ebadi/when-adultery-means-death_b_674439.html Shirin Ebadi: When Adultery Means Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809052714/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/shirin-ebadi/when-adultery-means-death_b_674439.html |date=9 August 2017 }}. Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved on 29 November 2010.</ref>

In 2009, Lula warmly hosted Iranian president [[Ahmadinejad]], who made a controversial visit to Brazil.<ref>Maaike Warnaar (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RhKxAgAAQBAJ&dq=lula+%22was+criticized%22&pg=PA77 ''Iranian Foreign Policy During Ahmadinejad; Ideology and Actions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907111939/https://books.google.com/books?id=RhKxAgAAQBAJ&dq=lula+%22was+criticized%22&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q=lula%20%22was%20criticized%22&f=false |date=7 September 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/1123/why-iran-s-ahmadinejad-is-warmly-welcomed-in-brazil|title=Why Iran's Ahmadinejad is warmly welcomed in Brazil|journal=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-date=22 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222103834/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2009/1123/why-iran-s-ahmadinejad-is-warmly-welcomed-in-brazil|url-status=live}}</ref>  Some demonstrators expressed displeasure over Ahmadinejad's positions on human rights and his denial of [[the Holocaust]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/11/23/iran.south.america/index.html|title=Ahmadinejad's visit to Brazil draws criticism|website=CNN|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220060358/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/11/23/iran.south.america/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2010, Lula and Turkey's prime minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] negotiated a preliminary fuel swap agreement with the Iranian government on [[uranium enrichment]], that ultimately failed.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/brazil-in-the-middle-east/|title=Brazil in the Middle East|date=17 June 2010|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228045148/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/brazil-in-the-middle-east/|url-status=live}}</ref> The preliminary agreement that they presented to the United Nations was at odds with what the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and other countries viewed as necessary actions to stop Iran from obtaining [[weapons grade]] materials.<ref name="auto19"/> Within hours of signing the agreement, Iran did an about-face and announced that it would continue to enrich some uranium.<ref name="auto20">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/28/us.allies.iran/index.html|title=Obama administration tries to dampen dispute with allies over Iran|website=CNN|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=28 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228045148/http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/05/28/us.allies.iran/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] said Brazil was being "used" by Tehran.<ref name="auto20"/>  The [[UN Security Council]] ultimately rejected it when permanent member country representatives argued that "the swap proposal negotiated by Brazil and Turkey would leave Iran with enough material to make a nuclear weapon," and that "Iran intends to continue a new programme of enriching uranium to a higher level."<ref name="auto19"/><ref name="al jaz" /> [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning journalist [[Thomas Friedman]] wrote: "Is there anything uglier than watching democrats sell out other democrats to a Holocaust-denying, vote-stealing Iranian thug just to tweak the U.S. and show that they, too, can play at the big power table?"<ref name="auto21">{{Cite news|first=Thomas L.|last=Friedman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/26/opinion/26friedman.html|title=As Ugly as It Gets|work=The New York Times|date=25 May 2010}}</ref> [[Moisés Naím]], editor in chief of ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine and former Minister of Trade in Venezuela, said "Lula is a political giant, but morally he has been a deep disappointment."<ref name="auto21"/> In 2010, in addition, Brazilians largely disagreed with Lula as to how to handle Iran and Iran's nuclear weapons programme.<ref name="auto10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2010/09/22/brazilians-upbeat-about-their-country-despite-its-problems/|title=Brazilians Upbeat About Their Country, Despite Its Problems|work=Pew Research Center|date=22 September 2010|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225062239/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2010/09/22/brazilians-upbeat-about-their-country-despite-its-problems/|url-status=live}}</ref> While Lula opposed additional international economic sanctions against Iran, of the 85% of Brazilians who opposed Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, two-thirds approved of tighter international sanctions on Iran to try to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.<ref name="auto10"/>

==== Iraq ====
In 2003, Lula condemned the U.S.-led [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]], saying that the United States had no right "to decide unilaterally what is good and what is bad for the world".<ref>{{cite news |title=Latin Americans Rally Against Iraq War |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-03-23-7-latin-67456307/385410.html |work=VOA News |date=23 March 2003 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711095528/https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-03-23-7-latin-67456307/385410.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He said that "the behaviour of the United States in relation to Iraq has weakened the United Nations".<ref>{{cite news |title=Lula blasts US over De Mello tragedy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/23/lula-blasts-us-over-de-mello-tragedy |work=Al Jazeera |date=23 August 2003 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711095528/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/8/23/lula-blasts-us-over-de-mello-tragedy |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Libya====

Brazil, as a non-permanent member of the [[UN Security Council]], abstained from the vote authorising "all necessary measures" against Libya's [[Muammar Gaddafi]].<ref name="auto38">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/3/30/brazil-stares-down-the-us-on-libya|title=Brazil stares down US on Libya|first=Greg|last=Grandin|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 March 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304090106/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2011/3/30/brazil-stares-down-the-us-on-libya|url-status=live}}</ref>  It opposed the [[2011 military intervention in Libya|bombing in Libya]] to implement [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]].<ref name="auto38"/> Lula said: "These invasions only happen because the United Nations is weak."<ref name="auto38"/>

==== Venezuela ====
Lula was close with [[Venezuela]]'s president [[Hugo Chávez]], a close ally of Communist Cuba and an antagonist of the United States.<ref name="auto8">Terrence McCoy and Marina Dias (20 May 2023). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/30/lula-maduro/ "Brazil's Lula promised to save democracy. Why is he embracing Maduro?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221752/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/30/lula-maduro/ |date=30 May 2023 }} ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-lula-defends-chavez-as-referendum-nears-idUSN2536376520071125/|title=Brazil's Lula defends Chavez as referendum nears|website=Reuters|date=25 November 2007|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=26 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726210734/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-venezuela/brazils-lula-defends-chavez-as-referendum-nears-idUSN2536376520071125|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2007, Lula defended Chávez as the democratic choice of his people.<ref name="auto9"/> He said: "There is no risk with Chávez."<ref name="auto9"/> Expressing his admiration for Chávez, he said "Only thanks to Chávez's leadership, the people [of Venezuela] have had extraordinary achievements," and that in 2008 that Chávez was "the best president the country has had in 100 years."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/474c851c-6a32-3e98-ac08-8e17a458463a|title=x|website=The Financial Times|access-date=25 February 2024|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907111941/https://www.ft.com/content/474c851c-6a32-3e98-ac08-8e17a458463a|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2010 Brazilians largely had a different view than Lula, as only 13% had at least some confidence in Chávez, while 70% had little or no confidence in him.<ref name="auto10"/>