Editing Livermorium (section)

== Experimental chemistry ==
Unambiguous determination of the chemical characteristics of livermorium has not yet been established.<ref name="Düllmann">{{cite journal |last1=Düllmann |first1=Christoph E. |date=2012 |title=Superheavy elements at GSI: a broad research program with element 114 in the focus of physics and chemistry |journal=Radiochimica Acta |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=67–74 |doi=10.1524/ract.2011.1842 |s2cid=100778491 }}</ref><ref name="Eichler">{{cite journal |last=Eichler |first=Robert |date=2013 |title=First foot prints of chemistry on the shore of the Island of Superheavy Elements |arxiv=1212.4292|journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=420 |issue=1 |page=012003 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012003 |bibcode=2013JPhCS.420a2003E |s2cid=55653705 }}</ref> In 2011, experiments were conducted to create [[nihonium]], [[flerovium]], and [[moscovium]] isotopes in the reactions between calcium-48 projectiles and targets of americium-243 and [[plutonium-244]]. The targets included [[lead]] and [[bismuth]] impurities and hence some isotopes of bismuth and [[polonium]] were generated in nucleon transfer reactions. This, while an unforeseen complication, could give information that would help in the future chemical investigation of the heavier homologs of bismuth and polonium, which are respectively moscovium and livermorium.<ref name="Eichler" /> The produced nuclides [[bismuth-213]] and [[polonium-212m]] were transported as the hydrides [[bismuthine|<sup>213</sup>BiH<sub>3</sub>]] and [[polonium hydride|<sup>212m</sup>PoH<sub>2</sub>]] at 850&nbsp;°C through a quartz wool filter unit held with [[tantalum]], showing that these hydrides were surprisingly thermally stable, although their heavier congeners McH<sub>3</sub> and LvH<sub>2</sub> would be expected to be less thermally stable from simple extrapolation of [[periodic trends]] in the p-block.<ref name="Eichler" /> Further calculations on the stability and electronic structure of BiH<sub>3</sub>, McH<sub>3</sub>, PoH<sub>2</sub>, and LvH<sub>2</sub> are needed before chemical investigations take place. Moscovium and livermorium are expected to be [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] enough as pure elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry.<ref name="Eichler" /><ref name="Moody">{{cite book |chapter=Synthesis of Superheavy Elements |last1=Moody |first1=Ken |editor1-first=Matthias |editor1-last=Schädel |editor2-first=Dawn |editor2-last=Shaughnessy |title=The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |edition=2nd |pages=24–8 |isbn=978-3-642-37466-1|date=2013-11-30 }}</ref>
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