Editing List of popes (section)

=== 2nd millennium ===
==== 11th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 11th century}}
{{pope list item
| 140
| 16 May 1003 –<br>6 November 1003<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1003|05|16|1003|11|06}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope John XVII|John XVII]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Septimus Decimus}}
| Giovanni Sicco
| c. 955 Rome, Papal States
| 48 / 48
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 141
| 25 December 1003 –<br>18 July 1009<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1003|12|25|1009|07|18}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope John XVIII|John XVIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Duodevicesimus}}
| Giovanni Fasano
| c. 965 [[Rapagnano]],<br>Papal States
| 43 / 49
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. First pope born after the Papal States became a state of the Holy Roman Empire in 962.
}}
{{pope list item
| 142
| 31 July 1009 –<br>12 May 1012<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1009|07|31|1012|05|12}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Sergius IV|Sergius IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''SERGIVS''' Quartus}}
| Pietro Martino Boccadiporco, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 970 Rome, Papal States
| 39 / 42
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 12 June 1012 –<br>31 December 1012<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1012|06|12|1012|12|31}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]''<br>{{small|'''''GREGORIVS''' Sextus''}}
| Gregorio
| style="font-size:85%"| Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]]. Expelled from Rome and deposed.
{{pope list item
| 143
| 18 May 1012 –<br>9 April 1024<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1012|05|18|1024|04|09}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Octavus}}
| Teofilatto di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| c. 980 Rome, Papal States
| 32 / 44
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Brother of [[Pope John XIX|John XIX]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 144
| 14 May 1024 –<br>6 October 1032<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1024|05|14|1032|10|06}})}}
| [[File:Bari Exultet roll 1 - emperors and pope (pope1) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope John XIX|John XIX]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Undevicesimus}}
| Romano di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| c. 975 Rome, Papal States
| 49 / 57
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Brother of [[Pope Benedict VIII|Benedict VIII]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 145
| 21 October 1032 –<br>31 December 1044<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1032|10|21|1044|12|31}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Nonus}}
| Teofilatto di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| c. 1012 Rome, Papal States
| 20 / 32 (†43)
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. First term; youngest person to have been pope.
}}
{{pope list item
| 146
| 13 January 1045 –<br>10 March 1045<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1045|01|13|1045|03|10}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Sylvester III|Sylvester III]]'''<br>{{small|'''SILVESTER''' Tertius}}
| Giovanni dei [[Crescentii|Crescenzi]]-Ottaviani
| c. 1000 Rome, Papal States
| 45 / 45 (†63)
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Validity of his election questioned; deposed at the [[Council of Sutri]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 147
| 10 March 1045 –<br>1 May 1045<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1045|03|10|1045|05|01}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Nonus}}
| Teofilatto di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| c. 1012 Rome, Papal States
| 33 / 33 (†43)
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Second term; deposed at the [[Council of Sutri]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 148
| 1 May 1045 –<br>20 December 1046<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1045|05|01|1046|12|20}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Gregory VI|Gregory VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Sextus}}
| Giovanni Graziano [[Pierleoni family|Pierleoni]]
| c. 1000 Rome, Papal States
| 45 / 46 (†48)
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Deposed at the [[Council of Sutri]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 149
| 24 December 1046 –<br>9 October 1047<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1046|12|24|1047|10|09}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Clement II|Clement II]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Secundus}}
| Suidger von Morsleben-Hornburg
| c. 967 [[Hornburg]], [[Duchy of Saxony]]
| 79 / 80
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Saxony]]. Appointed by King [[Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry III]] at the [[Council of Sutri]]; crowned Emperor Henry III in 1046.
}}
{{pope list item
| 150
| 8 November 1047 –<br>17 July 1048<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1047|11|08|1048|07|17}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Benedict IX|Benedict IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Nonus}}
| Teofilatto di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| c. 1012 Rome, Papal States
| 35 / 36 (†43)
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Third term; deposed and excommunicated.
}}
{{pope list item
| 151
| 17 July 1048 –<br>9 August 1048<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1048|07|17|1048|08|09}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Damasus II|Damasus II]]'''<br>{{small|'''DAMASVS''' Secundus}}
| Poppo von Brixen
| c. 1000 Pildenau, [[Duchy of Bavaria]]
| 48 / 48
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Bavaria]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 152
| 12 February 1049 –<br>19 April 1054<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1049|02|12|1054|04|19}})}}
| [[File:Leon IX (crop).jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Leo IX|Leo IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Nonus}}
| Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg
| 21 July 1002 [[Eguisheim]], [[Duchy of Swabia]]
| 47 / 51
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Swabia]]. In 1054, the mutual [[excommunication]]s of Leo IX's legate, cardinal [[Humbert of Silva Candida]], and Patriarch [[Michael I Cerularius]] of Constantinople started the [[East–West Schism]]. The mutual [[anathema]]tizations were rescinded by [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]] and Patriarch [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Athenagoras I]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite book |author=Deno John Geanakoplos |title=Constantinople and the West: essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6PYWPWWhrUC&pg=PA263|access-date=3 March 2012 |date=15 September 1989 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-11884-6 |pages=263–|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310123001/https://books.google.com/books?id=_6PYWPWWhrUC&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list item
| 153
| 13 April 1055 –<br>28 July 1057<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1055|04|13|1057|07|28}})}}
| [[File:Gebhard I Bischof von Eichstätt, als Victor II Papst.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Victor II|Victor II]]'''<br>{{small|'''VICTOR''' Secundus}}
| Gebhard von Dollnstein-Hirschberg
| c. 1018 [[Duchy of Swabia]]
| 37 / 39
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Swabia]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 154
| 2 August 1057 –<br>29 March 1058<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1057|08|02|1058|03|29}})}}
|
| '''[[Pope Stephen IX|Stephen IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''STEPHANVS''' Nonus}}
| Friedrich Gozzelon von Lothringen, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1020 [[Duchy of Lorraine]]
| 37 / 38
| Subject of the [[Lorraine (duchy)|Duchy of Lorraine]]. Last [[Germans|German]] pope until [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] (2005–2013). Sometimes called Stephen X. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 4 April 1058 –<br> 24 January 1059<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1058|04|04|1059|01|24}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Benedict X|Benedict X]]''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Decimus}}
| Giovanni Mincio di [[Counts of Tusculum|Tuscolo]]
| style="font-size:85%"| Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]]. Captured and deposed.
{{pope list item
| 155
| 6 December 1058 –<br>27 July 1061<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1058|12|06|1061|07|27}})}}
| [[File:Robert Guiscard claimed as a Duke (Detail of Nicholas II).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Nicholas II|Nicholas II]]'''<br>{{small|'''NICOLAVS''' Secundus}}
| Gerald de Bourgogne
| c. 980 [[Mercury, Savoie|Château de Chevron]], [[County of Savoy]]
| 78 / 81
| Subject of the [[County of Savoy]]. Was of [[French people|French]] ethnicity. Designated the [[College of Cardinals]] as the sole body of pope electors in the bull ''[[In nomine Domini]]'' (1059).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| [[1061 papal election|30 September 1061]] –<br> 1072<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1061|09|30|1072|04|02}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Honorius II|Honorius II]]''<br>{{small|'''HONORIVS''' Secundus}}
| Pietro Cadalo
| style="font-size:85%"| 1010 [[Verona]], [[March of Verona]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 61 / 72
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[March of Verona]]. In opposition to [[Pope Alexander II|Alexander II]].
{{pope list item
| 156
| [[1061 papal election|30 September 1061]] –<br>21 April 1073<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1061|09|30|1073|04|21}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Alexander II|Alexander II]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Secundus}}
| Anselmo da Baggio
| c. 1018 [[Baggio (district of Milan)|Baggio]], [[History of Milan#Middle Ages|Free Commune of Milan]]
| 46 / 58
| Citizen of the [[History of Milan#Middle Ages|Free Commune of Milan]]. Authorized the [[Norman conquest of England]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 157
| [[1073 papal election|22 April 1073]] –<br>25 May 1085<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1073|04|22|1085|05|25}})}}
| [[File:Gregorius (Vita Gregorii VII).jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Septimus}}
| Ildebrando di Soana, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1015 [[Sovana]], [[March of Tuscany]]
| 48 / 60
| Subject of the [[March of Tuscany]]. Was of [[Lombards|Lombard]] ethnicity. Initiated the [[Gregorian Reform]]s. Restricted the use of the papal title to the bishop of Rome.<ref name=EncChrPope /> Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]]. Political struggle with Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]], who had to go to [[Canossa]] (1077).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 25 June 1080 –<br> 8 September 1100<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1080|06|25|1100|09|08}})}}
| [[File:Clemente III, antipapa (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]]''<br>{{small|'''''CLEMENS''' Tertius''}}
| Guibert of Ravenna
| style="font-size:85%"| 1029 [[Ravenna]], Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 51 / 71
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]], [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]], [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]], and [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]].
{{pope list item
| 158
| [[1086 papal election|24 May 1086]] –<br>16 September 1087<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1086|05|24|1087|09|16}})}}
| [[File:Victor III. - Desiderius of Montecassino (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Beatification|Bl.]] '''[[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]'''<br>{{small|'''VICTOR''' Tertius}}
| Desiderio da Montecassino, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1026 [[Benevento]], [[Duchy of Benevento]]
| 60 / 61
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Benevento]]. Was of [[Lombards|Lombard]] ethnicity. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]]. Called the Synod of Benevento (1087), condemning lay investiture.
}}
{{pope list item
| 159
| [[1088 papal election|12 March 1088]] –<br>29 July 1099<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1088|03|12|1099|07|29}})}}
| [[File:Urbano II in consacrazione de l'altare del monastero di Cluny (detail) (crop).png|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Urban II|Urban II]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Secundus}}
| Odon de Lagery, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1042 [[Châtillon-sur-Marne]], [[County of Champagne]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| 46 / 57
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. Preached and started the [[First Crusade]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 160
| [[1099 papal election|13 August 1099]] –<br>21 January 1118<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1099|08|13|1118|01|21}})}}
| [[File:Pope Paschal-II 1107.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]'''<br>{{small|'''PASCHALIS''' Secundus}}
| Raniero di Bleda, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1050 [[Bleda (Santa Sofia)|Bleda]], [[March of Tuscany]]
| 49 / 68
| Subject of the [[March of Tuscany]]. Was of [[Lombards|Lombard]] ethnicity. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]]. Ordered the building of the basilica of [[Santi Quattro Coronati]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 8 September 1100 –<br> January 1101<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1100|09|08|1101|01|01}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Theodoric|Theodoric]]''<br>{{small|'''''THEODORICVS'''''}}
| Teodorico
| style="font-size:85%"| c. 1030 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 70 / 71
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. Was of [[Lombards|Lombard]] ethnicity. In opposition to [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]. Captured and sent to a monastery.
{{pope list end}}

==== 12th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 12th century}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| January 1101 –<br> February 1102<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1101|01|01|1102|02|01}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Adalbert|Adalbert]]''<br>{{small|'''''ADALBERTVS'''''}}
| Adalberto, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| style="font-size:85%"| Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. Was of [[Lombards|Lombard]] ethnicity. In opposition to [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]. Captured and imprisoned.
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 8 November 1105 –<br>11 April 1111<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1105|11|08|1111|04|11}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Sylvester IV|Sylvester IV]]''<br>{{small|'''''SILVESTER''' Quartus''}}
| Maguinulf
| style="font-size:85%"| 1050 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 49 / 55 (†56)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. Was of German ethnicity. In opposition to [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]. Forced to abdicate.
{{pope list item
| 161
| [[1118 papal election|24 January 1118]] –<br>29 January 1119<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1118|01|24|1119|01|29}})}}
| [[File:Gelasius-II.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''GELASIVS''' Secundus}}
| Giovanni [[Caetani]], [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1061 [[Gaeta]], [[Duchy of Gaeta]]
| 57 / 58
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Gaeta]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 10 March 1118 –<br>20 April 1121<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1118|03|10|1121|04|20}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]''<br>{{small|'''''GREGORIVS''' Octavus''}}
| Maurice Baurdain
| style="font-size:85%"| c. 1060 [[Limousin (province)|Limousin]], [[Occitania]], Kingdom of France
| style="font-size:85%"| 58 / 61 (†77)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. Was of Occitan ethnicity. In opposition to [[Pope Gelasius II|Gelasius II]] and [[Pope Callixtus II|Callixtus II]]. Captured and imprisoned.
{{pope list item
| 162
| [[1119 papal election|2 February 1119]] –<br>13 December 1124<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1119|02|02|1124|12|13}})}}
| [[File:Calixtus II.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Callixtus II|Callixtus II]]'''<br>{{small|'''CALLISTVS''' Secundus}}
| Gui de Bourgogne
| c. 1060 [[Quingey]], [[County of Burgundy]]
| 59 / 64
| Subject of the [[County of Burgundy]]. Was of [[French people|French]] ethnicity. Convened the [[First Council of the Lateran]] (1123).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| [[1124 papal election|16 December 1124]] –<br>17 December 1124<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1124|12|16|1124|12|17}})}}
| 
| ''[[Teobaldo Boccapecci|Celestine II]]''<br>{{small|'''''COELESTINVS''' Secundus''}}
| Teobaldo Boccapeci
| style="font-size:85%"| 1050 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 74 / 74 (†76)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Honorius II|Honorius II]]. Abdicated one day after his election.
{{pope list item
| 163
| [[1124 papal election|21 December 1124]] –<br>13 February 1130<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1124|12|21|1130|02|13}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Honorius II|Honorius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''HONORIVS''' Secundus}}
| Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano, [[Canons Regular|Can.Reg.]]
| 9 February 1060 [[Casalfiumanese|Fiagnano]], Papal States
| 64 / 70
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. [[Canons Regular of the Lateran|Canon Regular of the Lateran]]. Approved the [[Knights Templar]] as a military order (1128).
}}
{{pope list item
| 164
| [[1130 papal election|14 February 1130]] –<br>24 September 1143<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1130|02|14|1143|09|24}})}}
| [[File:Pope Innocent II – Santa Maria in Trastevere.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Secundus}}
| Gregorio Papareschi, [[Canons Regular|Can.Reg.]]
| c. 1082 Rome, Papal States
| 48 / 61
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. [[Canons Regular of the Lateran|Canon Regular of the Lateran]]. Convened the [[Second Council of the Lateran]] (1139).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| [[1130 papal election|14 February 1130]] –<br>25 January 1138<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1130|02|14|1138|01|25}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Anacletus II|Anacletus II]]''<br>{{small|'''''ANACLETVS''' Secundus''}}
| Pietro [[Pierleoni]], [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 1090 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 40 / 48
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]].
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 15 March 1138 –<br>29 May 1138<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1138|03|15|1138|05|29}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Victor IV (1138)|Victor IV]]''<br>{{small|'''''VICTOR''' Quartus''}}
| Gregorio [[Conti]]
| style="font-size:85%"| Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Innocent II|Innocent II]].
{{pope list item
| 165
| [[1143 papal election|26 September 1143]] –<br>8 March 1144<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1143|09|26|1144|03|08}})}}
| [[File:Pope Celestine, St William and an unidentified Prelate, East Window, York Minster.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Celestine II|Celestine II]]'''<br>{{small|'''COELESTINVS''' Secundus}}
| Guido Guelfuccio di Castello
| c. 1085 [[Città di Castello]], Papal States
| 58 / 59
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 166
| [[1144 papal election|12 March 1144]] –<br>15 February 1145<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1144|03|12|1145|02|15}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Lucius II|Lucius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''LUCIVS''' Secundus}}
| Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso, [[Canons Regular|Can.Reg.]]
| c. 1079 [[Bologna]], Papal States
| 65 / 66
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Canon Regular of [[Basilica of San Frediano|San Frediano]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 167
| [[1145 papal election|15 February 1145]] –<br>8 July 1153<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1145|02|15|1153|07|08}})}}
| [[File:Consécration par EUgène III (Cropped).jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Eugene III|Eugene III]]'''<br>{{small|'''EVGENIVS''' Tertius}}
| Bernardo Pignatelli, [[Cistercians|O.Cist.]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05599a.htm| title = Pope Blessed Eugene III, New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia| access-date = 19 April 2025| archive-date = 5 October 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121005142252/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05599a.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>
| c. 1080 [[Pisa]], [[Republic of Pisa]]
| 65 / 73
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Pisa]]. Member of the [[Cistercians|Order of Cistercians]]. Announced the [[Second Crusade]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 168
| [[1153 papal election|12 July 1153]] –<br>3 December 1154<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1153|07|12|1154|12|03}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Anastasius IV|Anastasius IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''ANASTASIVS''' Quartus}}
| Corrado Demetri della Suburra
| c. 1073 Rome, Papal States
| 80 / 81
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 169
| [[1154 papal election|4 December 1154]] –<br>1 September 1159<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1154|12|04|1159|09|01}})}}
| [[File:Adrian IV, servus servorum dei (cropped).png|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Adrian IV|Adrian IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''HADRIANVS''' Quartus}}
| Nicholas [[Breakspeare|Breakspear]], [[Canons Regular|Can.Reg.]]
| c. 1100 [[Abbots Langley]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Kingdom of England]]
| 54 / 59
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of England]]. The only English (Anglo-Saxon) pope; purportedly granted Ireland to King [[Henry II of England]]. [[Order of Saint-Ruf|Canon Regular of Saint-Ruf monastery]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 170
| [[1159 papal election|7 September 1159]] –<br>30 August 1181<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1159|09|07|1181|08|30}})}}
| [[File:Becket bids farewell to the Pope - Becket Leaves (c.1220-1240), f. 1v - BL Loan MS 88 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Tertius}}
| Rolando Bandinelli
| c. 1100 [[Siena]], March of Tuscany
| 59 / 81
| Subject of the [[March of Tuscany]]. Convened the [[Third Council of the Lateran]] (1179).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| [[1159 papal election|7 September 1159]] –<br>20 April 1164<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1159|09|07|1164|04|20}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]]''<br>{{small|'''''VICTOR''' Quartus''}}
| Ottaviano dei [[Crescentii|Crescenzi]] Ottaviani di Monticelli
| style="font-size:85%"| 1095 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 64 / 69
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]].
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 28 April 1164 –<br>22 September 1168<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1164|04|28|1168|09|22}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Paschal III|Paschal III]]''<br>{{small|'''''PASCHALIS''' Tertius''}}
| Guido di Crema
| style="font-size:85%"| 1110 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 54 / 58
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]].
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 30 September 1168 –<br>29 August 1178<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1168|09|30|1178|08|29}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]''<br>{{small|'''''CALLIXTVS''' Tertius''}}
| Giovanni di Struma, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 1090 Rome, Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 78 / 88
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]].
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 29 September 1179 –<br> January 1180<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1179|09|29|1180|01|31}})}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Innocent III|Innocent III]]''<br>{{small|'''''INNOCENTIVS''' Tertius''}}
| Lando (or Lanzo) di Sezze
| style="font-size:85%"| 1120 [[Sezze]], Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 59 / 60 (†63)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]. Captured and imprisoned in 1180.
{{pope list item
| 171
| [[1181 papal election|1 September 1181]] –<br>25 November 1185<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1181|09|01|1185|11|25}})}}
| [[File:Lucius-III.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Lucius III|Lucius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''LUCIVS''' Tertius}}
| Ubaldo Allucignoli
| c. 1100 [[Lucca]], March of Tuscany
| 81 / 85
| Subject of the [[March of Tuscany]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 172
| [[1185 papal election|25 November 1185]] –<br>20 October 1187<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1185|11|25|1187|10|20}})}}
| [[File:Urban2 lat.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban III|Urban III]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Tertius}}
| Uberto Crivelli
| c. 1120 [[Cuggiono]], small town closer to the [[Medieval communes|Free Commune of Milan]]
| 65 / 67
| Was of [[Italians|Italian]] ethnicity. In the 21st century, Cuggiono is a small Italian town and ''comune'' in the [[Metropolitan City of Milan]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 173
| [[October 1187 papal election|21 October 1187]] –<br>17 December 1187<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1187|10|21|1187|12|17}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Gregory VIII|Gregory VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Octavus}}
| Alberto di Morra, [[Premonstratensians|O.Praem.]]
| c. 1100 [[Benevento]], Papal States
| 87 / 87
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. [[Premonstratensians|Canon Regular Premonstratense]]. Proposed the [[Third Crusade]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 174
| [[December 1187 papal election|19 December 1187]] –<br>20 March 1191<ref name="CC">For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken: ''Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III.'' Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203–211</ref><br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1187|12|19|1191|03|20}})}}
| [[File:SpeculumGrandmontis (Pope Clement III).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement III|Clement III]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Tertius}}
| Paolo Scolari
| c. 1130 Rome, Papal States
| 57 / 61
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 175<br>[[File:C o a Nicolaus III.svg|40px]]
| [[1191 papal election|30 March 1191]] –<br>8 January 1198<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1191|03|30|1198|01|08}})}}
| [[File:Coelestin III (cropped 2).png|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]]'''<br>{{small|'''COELESTINVS''' Tertius}}
| Giacinto Bobone [[Orsini family|Orsini]]
| c. 1105 Rome, Papal States
| 86 / 93
| Motto: {{lang|la|Perfice gressus meos in semitis Tuis}} {{small|("Going in Thy path")}}
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Confirmed the statutes of the [[Teutonic Knights]] as a military order.
}}
{{pope list item
| 176<br>[[File:C o a popes Conti di Segni.svg|40px]]
| [[1198 papal election|8 January 1198]] –<br>16 July 1216<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1198|01|08|1216|07|16}})}}
| [[File:Pope Innocent III (Monastery of Subiaco).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Tertius}}
| Lotario dei [[Counts of Segni|Conti di Segni]]
| c. 1161 [[Gavignano]], Papal States
| 37 / 55
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Convened the [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] (1215). Initiated the [[Fourth Crusade]] but later distanced himself from it and threatened its participants with excommunication when its leadership abandoned their focus on conquest of the [[Holy Land]] and instead decided to sack Christian cities.<ref>Philip Hughes, "Innocent III & the Latin East", History of the Church, vol. 2, p. 371, Sheed & Ward, 1948.</ref> Endorsed the [[Franciscan Order]].
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 13th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 13th century}}
{{pope list item
| 177<br>[[File:C o a Savelli Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1216 papal election|18 July 1216]] –<br>18 March 1227<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1216|07|18|1227|03|18}})}}
| [[File:Vad-0321 025 Honorius III (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''HONORIVS'''<br>Tertius}}
| Cencio [[Savelli family|Savelli]]
| c. 1150 Rome, Papal States
| 66 / 77
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Initiated the [[Fifth Crusade]]. Approved several religious and tertiary orders.
}}
{{pope list item
| 178<br>[[File:C o a popes Conti di Segni.svg|40px]]
| [[1227 papal election|19 March 1227]] –<br>22 August 1241<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1227|03|19|1241|08|22}})}}
| [[File:Gregory IX (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Nonus}}
| Ugolino dei [[Counts of Segni|Conti di Segni]]
| c. 1145 [[Anagni]], Papal States
| 82 / 96
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Initiated the [[inquisition in France]] and endorsed the [[Northern Crusades]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 179<br>[[File:C o a Celestinus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1241 papal election|25 October 1241]] –<br>10 November 1241<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1241|10|25|1241|11|10}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Celestine IV|Celestine IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''COELESTINVS''' Quartus}}
| Goffredo Castiglioni
| c. 1180 [[History of Milan#Middle Ages|Free Commune of Milan]] (city-state)
| 61 / 61
| Citizen of the [[History of Milan#Middle Ages|Free Commune of Milan]]. Died before coronation.
}}
{{pope list item
| 180<br>[[File:C o a Fieschi Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1243 papal election|25 June 1243]] –<br>7 December 1254<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1243|06|25|1254|12|07}})}}
| [[File:The Council of Lyons excommunicating Frederic II (cropped).png|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Quartus}}
| Sinibaldo [[Fieschi family|Fieschi]]
| c. 1195 [[Genoa]], [[Republic of Genoa]]
| 48 / 60
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Convened the [[First Council of Lyon]] (1245). Issued the bull ''[[Ad extirpanda]]'' (1252), permitting the torture of heretics.
}}
{{pope list item
| 181<br>[[File:C o a popes Conti di Segni.svg|40px]]
| [[1254 papal election|12 December 1254]] –<br>25 May 1261<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1254|12|12|1261|05|25}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Quartus}}
| Rinaldo dei [[Counts of Segni|Conti di Segni]]
| c. 1199 [[Jenne, Italy|Jenne]], Papal States
| 55 / 62
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. First pope born after the Papal States ceased to be a state of the Holy Roman Empire in 1177. Restored the papal inquisition in France.
}}
{{pope list item
| 182<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1261 papal election|29 August 1261]] –<br>2 October 1264<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1261|08|29|1264|10|02}})}}
| [[File:Taddeo di bartolo, s. tommaso d'aquino presenta la sua liturgia del corpus christi a urbano IV, 1403 ca. (cropped) (cropped).JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Quartus}}
| Jacques Pantaléon
| c. 1195 [[Troyes]], County of Champagne, Kingdom of France
| 66 / 69
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. Instituted the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|feast of Corpus Christi]] (1264).
}}
{{pope list item
| 183<br>[[File:C o a Clemens IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1264–1265 papal election|5 February 1265]] –<br>29 November 1268<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1265|02|05|1268|11|29}})}}
| [[File:Tour Ferrande - Clément IV & Charles 1er de Sicile (cropped).JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement IV|Clement IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS'''<br>Quartus}}
| Gui Foucois
| 23 November 1190 [[Saint-Gilles, Gard|Saint-Gilles]], [[Languedoc]], Kingdom of France
| 62 / 66
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]].
}}
{{pope list item
| interregnum=yes
| 29 November 1268 –<br>1 September 1271<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1268|11|29|1271|09|01}})}}
| Almost three-year [[1268–1271 papal election|period]] without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope.
}}
{{pope list item
| 184<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius X.svg|40px]]
| [[1268–1271 papal election|1 September 1271]] –<br>10 January 1276<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1271|09|01|1276|01|10}})}}
| [[File:Gregory X, Buffalmacco, Arezzo Cathedral.jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Decimus}}
| Teobaldo [[Visconti of Milan|Visconti]]
| c. 1210 [[Piacenza|Free Commune of Piacenza]] (city-state)
| 61 / 66
| Citizen of the [[Piacenza|Free Commune of Piacenza]]. Convened the [[Second Council of Lyon]] and issued the bull ''[[Ubi periculum]]'' (1274), regulating [[papal conclave]]s until the 20th century.
}}
{{pope list item
| 185<br>[[File:C o a Innocentius V.svg|40px]]
| [[January 1276 papal conclave|21 January 1276]] –<br>22 June 1276<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1276|01|21|1276|06|22}})}}
| [[File:InnocenzoV.jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Innocent V|Innocent V]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Quintus}}
| Pierre de Tarentaise, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| c. 1225 [[County of Savoy]]
| 52 / 52
| Subject of the [[County of Savoy]]. Was of [[French people|French]] ethnicity. Member of the [[Dominican Order]]. First pope elected in a papal conclave.
}}
{{pope list item
| 186<br>[[File:C o a Fieschi Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[July 1276 papal conclave|11 July 1276]] –<br>18 August 1276<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1276|07|11|1276|08|18}})}}
| [[File:A20 ADRIANO V.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Adrian V|Adrian V]]'''<br>{{small|'''HADRIANVS''' Quintus}}
| Ottobuono [[Fieschi family|Fieschi]]
| c. 1216 Genoa, Republic of Genoa
| 60 / 60
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Annulled Gregory X's ''Ubi periculum'' regarding the regulations of papal conclaves.
}}
{{pope list item
| 187<br>[[File:C o a Johannes XXI.svg|40px]]
| [[September 1276 papal election|8 September 1276]] –<br>20 May 1277<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1276|09|08|1277|05|20}})}}
| [[File:Andrea di bonaiuto, apotesosi di san tommaso d'aquino, scienze ed arti 12 Dialettica e Pietro Ispano 3.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope John XXI|John XXI]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Vicesimus Primus}}
| Pedro Julião
| c. 1215 [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| 61 / 62
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Portugal]]. Due to a confusion over the [[Pope John (numbering)|numbering of popes named John]] in the 13th century, the ordinal XX was skipped.
}}
{{pope list item
| 188<br>[[File:C o a Nicolaus III.svg|40px]]
| [[1277 papal election|25 November 1277]] –<br>22 August 1280<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1277|11|25|1280|08|22}})}}
| [[File:Scuola romana, affreschi del sancta sanctorum, 1280 ca., Niccolò III dona la chiesa ai ss. pietro e paolo 03 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]]'''<br>{{small|'''NICOLAVS'''<br>Tertius}}
| Giovanni Gaetano [[Orsini family|Orsini]]
| c. 1216 Rome, Papal States
| 61 / 64
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 189<br>[[File:C o a Martinus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1280–1281 papal election|22 February 1281]] –<br>28 March 1285<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1281|02|22|1285|03|28}})}}
| [[File:Louis9 Canonization (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''MARTINVS''' Quartus}}
| Simon de Brion
| c. 1210 Meinpicien, [[Touraine]], Kingdom of France
| 71 / 75
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Sicilian Vespers]]; ordered the [[Aragonese Crusade]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 190<br>[[File:C o a Savelli Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1285 papal election|2 April 1285]] –<br>3 April 1287<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1285|04|02|1287|04|03}})}}
| 
| '''[[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''HONORIVS''' Quartus}}
| Giacomo [[Savelli family|Savelli]]
| c. 1210 Rome, Papal States
| 75 / 77
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 191<br>[[File:C o a Nicolaus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1287–1288 papal election|22 February 1288]] –<br>4 April 1292<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1288|02|22|1292|04|04}})}}
| [[File:Pope Nicholas-IV.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''NICOLAVS''' Quartus}}
| Girolamo Masci, [[Franciscan|O.F.M.]]
| 30 September 1227 Lisciano, Papal States
| 60 / 64
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Franciscan Order]].
}}
{{pope list item
| interregnum=yes
| 4 April 1292 –<br>5 July 1294<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1292|04|04|1294|07|05}})}}
| Two-year [[1292–1294 papal election|period]] without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope.
}}
{{pope list item
| 192<br>[[File:C o a Celestinus V.svg|40px]]
| [[1292–1294 papal election|5 July 1294]] –<br>13 December 1294<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1294|07|05|1294|12|13}})}}
| [[File:Celestine V Castel Nuovo Napoli n02.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Celestine V|Celestine V]]'''<br>{{small|'''COELESTINVS''' Quintus}}
| Pietro Angelerio da Morrone, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1215 [[Sant'Angelo Limosano]], [[Kingdom of Sicily]]
| 79 / 79 (†81)
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]]. Founded the [[Celestines]]. Reinstituted the rules of ''Ubi periculum''. Last pope to [[Papal renunciation|abdicate]] on his own initiative until [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] (2013). Imprisoned and rumoured to have been murdered by order of [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]] to prevent his potential election and installation as [[antipope]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 193<br>[[File:C o a Bonifacius VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1294 papal conclave|24 December 1294]] –<br>11 October 1303<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1294|12|24|1303|10|11}})}}
| [[File:Giotto - Bonifatius VIII (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''BONIFATIVS''' Octavus}}
| Benedetto [[Caetani]]
| c. 1230 Anagni, Papal States
| 64 / 73
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Incorporated ''Ubi periculum'' into the [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]] (1298). Formalized the [[Jubilee in the Catholic Church|jubilee]] (1300). Issued the bull ''[[Unam sanctam]]'' (1302), proclaiming [[papal supremacy]] and pushing it to its highest historical extreme.
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 14th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 14th century}}
{{pope list item
| 194<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XI.svg|40px]]
| [[1303 papal conclave|22 October 1303]] –<br>7 July 1304<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1303|10|22|1304|07|07}})}}
| [[File:39 Benedetto XI (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Benedict XI|Benedict XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Undecimus}}
| Niccolò Boccasini, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| c. 1240 [[Treviso]], Papal States
| 63 / 64
| Motto: {{lang|la|Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum}} {{small|("Let Your face shine upon Your servant")}}
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Dominican Order]]. Reverted [[Pope Boniface VIII|Boniface VIII]]'s ''Unam sanctam''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 195<br>[[File:C o a Clemens V.svg|40px]]
| [[1304–1305 papal conclave|5 June 1305]] –<br>20 April 1314<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1305|06|05|1314|04|20}})}}
| [[File:Clemente V cappellone degli Spagnoli.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement V|Clement V]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Quintus}}
| Raymond Bertrand de Got (or Goth)
| c. 1264 [[Villandraut]], [[Gascony]], Kingdom of France
| 41 / 50
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Moved the papacy to Avignon]] (1309). Convened the [[Council of Vienne]] (1311–1312). Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull ''Pastoralis Praeeminentiae'' under pressure from King [[Philip IV of France]].
}}
{{pope list item
| interregnum=yes
| 20 April 1314 –<br>7 August 1316<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1314|04|20|1316|07|08}})}}
| Two-year [[1314–1316 papal conclave|period]] without a valid pope elected. This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope.
}}
{{pope list item
| 196<br>[[File:C o a Johannes XXII.svg|40px]]
| [[1314–1316 papal conclave|7 August 1316]] –<br>4 December 1334<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1316|08|07|1334|12|04}})}}
| [[File:Jean XXII 1316.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope John XXII|John XXII]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Vicesimus Secundus}}
| Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse)
| c. 1244 [[Cahors]], [[Quercy]], Kingdom of France
| 72 / 90
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]. Controversial for his views on the [[beatific vision]]. Opposed the Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles, famously leading [[William of Ockham]] to write against unlimited papal power.
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 12 May 1328 –<br>25 July 1330<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1328|05|12|1330|07|25}})}}
| [[File:Antiope Nicholas V.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]''<br>{{small|'''''NICOLAVS''''' Quintus}}
| Pietro Rainalducci, [[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 1260 [[Corvaro]], Papal States
| style="font-size:85%"| 68 / 70 (†73)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject and later the claimant of the throne of the [[Papal States]]. In opposition to [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]]. Excommunicated and submitted to John XXII.
{{pope list item
| 197<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1334 papal conclave|20 December 1334]] –<br>25 April 1342<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1334|12|20|1342|04|25}})}}
| [[File:Français 2810, fol. 134v, Benoît XII et messagers de Chine (cropped 2).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Benedict XII|Benedict XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Duodecimus}}
| Jacques Fournier, [[Cistercians|O.Cist.]]
| 1285 [[Saverdun]], [[County of Foix]], Kingdom of France
| 49 / 57
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]. Member of the [[Cistercians|Order of Cistercians]]. Known for issuing the [[Apostolic constitution]] ''[[Benedictus Deus (Benedict XII)|Benedictus Deus]]'' (1336). A careful pope who reformed monastic orders and opposed nepotism.
}}
{{pope list item
| 198<br>[[File:C o a Beaufort Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1342 papal conclave|7 May 1342]] –<br>6 December 1352<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1342|05|07|1352|12|06}})}}
| [[File:01 Clément VI (Fresque de la chapelle Saint-Martial du palais des papes).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Sextus}}
| Pierre Roger, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| c. 1291 [[Saint-Julien-Maumont|Maumont]], [[Limousin]], Kingdom of France
| 51 / 61
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]. Reigned during the [[Black Death]] and absolved those who died from it of their sins.
}}
{{pope list item
| 199<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1352 papal conclave|18 December 1352]] –<br>12 September 1362<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1352|12|18|1362|09|12}})}}
| [[File:Innocent VI.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent VI|Innocent VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Sextus}}
| Étienne Aubert
| c. 1282 [[Beyssac|Les Monts]], Limousin, Kingdom of France
| 70 / 80
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]. Through his exertions, the [[Treaty of Brétigny]] was signed and ratified.
}}
{{pope list item
| 200<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus V.svg|40px]]
| [[1362 papal conclave|28 September 1362]] –<br>19 December 1370<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1362|09|28|1370|12|19}})}}
| [[File:Simone dei crocifissi, urbano V, 1375 ca., forse dalla cattedrale di s. pietro 01 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Urban V|Urban V]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Quintus}}
| Guillaume de Grimoard, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| 1310 [[Château de Grizac|Grizac]], Languedoc, Kingdom of France
| 52 / 60
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]]. Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and [[Asia]]. His pontificate witnessed the [[Alexandrian Crusade|Alexandrian]] and [[Savoyard crusade]]s.
}}
{{pope list item
| 201<br>[[File:C o a Beaufort Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1370 papal conclave|30 December 1370]] –<br>27 March 1378<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1370|12|30|1378|03|27}})}}
| [[File:Duke of Anjou leading Pope Gregory XI to the palace at Avignon, while cardinals follow (cropped).png|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XI|Gregory XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Undecimus}}
| Pierre Roger de Beaufort
| c. 1329 Maumont, Limousin, Kingdom of France
| 41 / 49
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. [[Avignon Papacy|Pope at Avignon]]; returned the seat of the papacy to Rome (1377). Last [[French people|French]] pope.
}}
{{pope list item
| 202<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1378 papal conclave|8 April 1378]] –<br>15 October 1389<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1378|04|08|1389|10|15}})}}
| [[File:Nuremberg Chronicle f 232v Urbanus VI.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Sextus}}
| Bartolomeo Prignano
| c. 1318 [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of Naples]]
| 60 / 71
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Last pope to be elected outside the [[College of Cardinals]]. Reigned during the [[Western Schism]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | —<br>[[File:C o a Clemente VII (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| 20 September 1378 –<br>16 September 1394<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1378|09|28|1394|09|16}})}}
| [[File:GiacMaster Pope Clement VII.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Clement VII|Clement VII]]''<br>{{small|'''''CLEMENS''' Septimus''}}
| Robert de Genève
| style="font-size:85%"| 1342 [[Chateau d'Annecy]], County of Savoy
| style="font-size:85%"| 36 / 52
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[County of Savoy]]. [[Western Schism]]. In opposition to [[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]] and [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]].
{{pope list item
| 203<br>[[File:C o a Bonifatius IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1389 papal conclave|2 November 1389]] –<br>1 October 1404<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1389|11|02|1404|10|01}})}}
| [[File:Nuremberg Chronicle f 232v Bonifacius IX.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''BONIFATIVS''' Nonus}}
| Pietro [[Cybo]] Tomacelli
| c. 1350 Naples, Kingdom of Naples
| 39 / 54
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Reigned during the [[Western Schism]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;" | —<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XIII (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| 28 September 1394 –<br>23 May 1423<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1394|09|28|1423|05|23}})}}
| [[File:Portrait du Antipape Benoît XIII par Joan Reixach XV.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]''<br>{{small|'''''BENEDICTVS''' Tertius Decimus''}}
| Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor
| style="font-size:85%"| 25 November 1328 [[Illueca]], [[Kingdom of Aragon]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 66 / 94
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. [[Western Schism]]. In opposition to [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]], [[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]], [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]], [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]], and the Pisan Antipopes [[Antipope Alexander V|Alexander V]] and [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]]. Excommunicated on 27 July 1417.
{{pope list end}}

==== 15th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 15th century}}
{{pope list item
| 204<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius VII.svg|40px]]
| [[1404 papal conclave|17 October 1404]] –<br>6 November 1406<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1404|10|17|1406|11|06}})}}
| [[File:Nuremberg Chronicles f 235v 1 Innocentius VII.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent VII|Innocent VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Septimus}}
| Cosimo Gentile Migliorati
| 1339 [[Sulmona]], Kingdom of Naples
| 65 / 67
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Reigned during the [[Western Schism]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 205<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1406 papal conclave|30 November 1406]] –<br>4 July 1415<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1406|11|30|1415|07|04}})}}
| [[File:Joos Van Wassenhove e Pedro Berruguete – San Gregorio – Galleria Nazionale delle Marche.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Duodecimus}}
| Angelo [[Correr]]
| c. 1327 [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| 79 / 88 (†90)
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Reigned during the [[Western Schism]]. Confirmed the [[Council of Constance]] (1415); convinced to [[Papal renunciation|abdicate]] to end the Western Schism. Last pope to abdicate until [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] (2013).
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —<br>[[File:C o a Alexander V (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| [[Council of Pisa|30 June 1409]] –<br>3 May 1410<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1409|06|30|1410|05|03}})}}
| [[File:Nuremberg Chronicle f 235v 3 Alexander V.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Alexander V|Alexander V]]''<br>{{small|'''''ALEXANDER''' Quintus''}}
| Pétros Philárgēs,<br>[[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 1339 [[Neapoli, Crete|Neapoli]], [[Crete|Candia]], Republic of Venice
| style="font-size:85%"| 70 / 71
| style="font-size:85%"| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Was of Greek ethnicity. [[Western Schism]]. In opposition to [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]. Considered a legitimate pope until 1963 and is still numbered as such to this day.
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —<br>[[File:C o a Johannes XXIII (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| 25 May 1410 –<br>29 May 1415<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1410|05|25|1415|05|29}})}}
| [[File:Johannes XXIII. Gegenpapst 2.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]]''<br>{{small|'''''IOANNES''' Vicesimus Tertius''}}
| Baldassarre Cossa
| style="font-size:85%"| 1365 [[Procida]], Kingdom of Naples
| style="font-size:85%"| 45 / 50 (†54)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. [[Western Schism]]. In opposition to [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]. Convened the [[Council of Constance]] (1414). Deposed. Became the [[dean of the College of Cardinals]] in 1417. Was considered a legitimate pope until 1958.
{{pope list item
| interregnum=yes
| 4 July 1415 –<br>11 November 1417<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1415|07|04|1417|11|17}})}}
| Two-year period without a valid pope elected. The [[Council of Constance]] (1414–1418) called on all three papal claimants to abdicate, but only [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]] (Roman) did. [[Antipope John XXIII|John XXIII]] (Pisan) was deposed, [[Antipope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]] (Avignon) was excommunicated, and a new pope ([[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]) was elected.
}}
{{pope list item
| 206<br>[[File:C o a Martinus V.svg|40px]]
| [[Council of Constance|11 November 1417]] –<br>20 February 1431<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1417|11|11|1431|02|20}})}}
| [[File:Papa Martino V.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]'''<br>{{small|'''MARTINVS''' Quintus}}
| Oddone [[Colonna family|Colonna]]
| January–February 1369 [[Genazzano]], Papal States
| 48 / 62
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. His election effectively ended the [[Western Schism]]. Convened the [[Council of Florence|Council of Basel]] (1431); initiated the [[Hussite Wars]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —<br>[[File:C o a Clemente VIII (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| 10 June 1423 –<br>26 July 1429<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1423|06|20|1429|07|26}})}}
| [[File:Palma Antipapa Clemens VIII.JPG|80px]]
| ''[[Antipope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]''<br>{{small|'''''CLEMENS''' Octavus''}}
| Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón
| style="font-size:85%"| 1369 [[Teruel]], Kingdom of Aragon
| style="font-size:85%"| 54 / 60 (†77)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Aragon]]. [[Western Schism]]. In opposition to [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]]. Later submitted to Martin V.
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 1424 – 1429<br>{{small|(5 years)}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Benedict XIV#1st Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]]''<br>{{small|'''''BENEDICTVS''' Quartus Decimus''}}
| Bernard Garnier
| style="font-size:85%"| Kingdom of France
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. Two [[antipope]] claimants.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbeCQAAQBAJ&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA150 |isbn=978-0-7864-6116-5 |title=The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs |date=2010 |publisher=McFarland|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 7 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230407103428/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbeCQAAQBAJ&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA150|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| 1430 – 1437<br>{{small|(7 years)}}
| 
| ''[[Antipope Benedict XIV#2nd Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]]''<br>{{small|'''''BENEDICTVS''' Quartus Decimus''}}
| Jean Carrier
| style="font-size:85%"| Kingdom of France
| style="font-size:85%"| 
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[Kingdom of France]]. Two [[antipope]] claimants.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA234 |isbn=978-0-7864-2071-1 |title=Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes |date= 2004 |publisher=McFarland|access-date = 19 March 2023|archive-date = 4 April 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210737/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&dq=antipope+benedict+xiv&pg=PA234|url-status = live}}</ref>
{{pope list item
| 207<br>[[File:C o a Eugenius IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1431 papal conclave|3 March 1431]] –<br>23 February 1447<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1431|03|03|1447|02|23}})}}
| [[File:PapstEugen.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''EVGENIVS''' Quartus}}
| Gabriele [[Condulmer family|Condulmer]], [[Canons Regular|Can.Reg.]]
| 1383 Venice, Republic of Venice
| 48 / 64
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Nephew of [[Pope Gregory XII|Gregory XII]]. [[Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga|Canon Regular of San Giorgio in Alga]]. Crowned Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] at Rome in 1433. Issued the papal bull ''[[Creator Omnium]]'' (1434), rescinding any recognition of Portugal's right to conquer the still-pagan [[Canary Islands]] and excommunicating anyone who enslaved the newly-converted Christians, the penalty to stand until the captives were restored to their freedom and possessions. Transferred the [[Council of Florence|Council of Basel]] to Ferrara (1438); it was eventually transferred again to Florence (1439–1445) to avoid the [[bubonic plague]].
}}
|-style="vertical-align:top; background:#ccc;"
| style="text-align:center;"| —<br>[[File:C o a Felix V (antipapa).svg|40px]]
| [[Council of Florence#Rump Council of Basel|5 November 1439]] –<br>7 April 1449<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1439|11|05|1449|04|07}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Antipope Felix V.jpg|80px]]
| ''[[Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy|Felix V]]''<br>{{small|'''''FELIX''' Quintus''}}
| Amédée de [[House of Savoy|Savoie]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 4 September 1383 [[Chambéry]], [[County of Savoy]]
| style="font-size:85%"| 56 / 65 (†67)
| style="font-size:85%"| Subject of the [[County of Savoy]]. In opposition to [[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]] and [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]. Later submitted to Nicholas V. Also ruled as [[count of Savoy|count]] and then [[duke of Savoy|duke]] of Savoy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amadeus-VIII |title=Amadeus VIII &#124; antipope and duke of Savoy |date=3 January 2024|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810205228/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amadeus-VIII|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{pope list item
| 208<br>[[File:C o a Nicolaus V.svg|35px]]
| [[1447 papal conclave|6 March 1447]] –<br>24 March 1455<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1447|03|06|1455|03|24}})}}
| [[File:Paus Nicolaas V door Peter Paul Rubens.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]]'''<br>{{small|'''NICOLAVS''' Quintus}}
| Tommaso Parentucelli
| 13 November 1397 [[Sarzana]], Republic of Genoa
| 49 / 57
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Held the 1450 [[Jubilee in the Catholic Church|jubilee]]. Crowned Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] at Rome in 1452. Issued the bull ''[[Dum Diversas]]'' (1452), recognizing Portugal's right to conquer and subjugate the Saracens and pagans. Created a library in the Vatican, which would eventually become the ''{{lang|la|[[Vatican Library|Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana]]}}''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 209<br>[[File:C o a Callistus III.svg|40px]]
| [[1455 papal conclave|8 April 1455]] –<br>6 August 1458<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1455|04|08|1458|08|06}})}}
| [[File:Calixtus III.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]'''<br>{{small|'''CALLISTVS''' Tertius}}
| Alfons de [[House of Borgia|Borja]]
| 31 December 1378 [[Xàtiva]], [[Kingdom of Valencia]]
| 76 / 79
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] (and therefore subject of the [[Crown of Aragon]]). First [[Valencians|Valencian]] pope. Instituted the [[Feast of the Transfiguration]] to be celebrated on 6 August. Ordered the [[retrial of Joan of Arc]], leading to her vindication. Elevated his nephews to [[Cardinal-nephew|cardinals]], one of whom later became [[Pope Alexander VI]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 210<br>[[File:C o a Piccolomini Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1458 papal conclave|19 August 1458]] –<br>15 August 1464<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1458|08|19|1464|08|15}})}}
| [[File:Pius II (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Secundus}}
| Enea Silvio Bartolomeo [[Piccolomini]]
| 18 October 1405 [[Pienza|Corsignano]], [[Republic of Siena]]
| 52 / 58
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Siena]]. Displayed a great interest in urban planning. Founded [[Pienza]] near Siena as the ideal city in 1462. Known for his work on the ''Commentaries''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 211<br>[[File:C o a Paulus II.svg|40px]]
| [[1464 papal conclave|30 August 1464]] –<br>26 July 1471<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1464|08|30|1471|07|26}})}}
| [[File:pietrobarbo.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul II|Paul II]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Secundus}}
| Pietro [[Barbo family|Barbo]]
| 23 February 1417 Venice, Republic of Venice
| 47 / 54
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Nephew of [[Pope Eugene IV|Eugene IV]]. Built the Palazzo San Marco (now [[Palazzo Venezia]]). Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States.
}}
{{pope list item
| 212<br>[[File:C o a popes Della Rovere.svg|40px]]
| [[1471 papal conclave|9 August 1471]] –<br>12 August 1484<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1471|08|09|1484|08|12}})}}
| [[File:Pedro Berruguete, Portrait of Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere (early 1500s), Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''XYSTVS''' Quartus}}
| Francesco [[della Rovere]], [[Franciscan|O.F.M.]]
| 21 July 1414 [[Celle Ligure]], Republic of Genoa
| 57 / 70
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Member of the [[Franciscan Order]]. Commissioned the [[Sistine Chapel]] and created the [[Vatican Archives]]. Authorized the [[Spanish Inquisition]] at the request of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] of Spain, targeting [[Converso|converted Jewish Christians]] in Spain. A patron of the arts; he brought together the group of artists who ushered the [[Early Renaissance]] into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city's new artistic age. Known for his nepotism and involvement in the [[Pazzi conspiracy]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 213<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1484 papal conclave|29 August 1484]] –<br>25 July 1492<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1484|08|29|1492|07|25}})}}
| [[File:Papa Innocenzo VIII, di Cristofano dell'Altissimo, 1552-68 -FG.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent VIII|Innocent VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Octavus}}
| Giovanni Battista [[Cybo]]
| 1432 Genoa, Republic of Genoa
| 52 / 60
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Appointed [[Tomás de Torquemada]] as the [[Grand Inquisitor|inquisitor general]] of the [[Spanish Inquisition]]. Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull ''[[Summis desiderantes affectibus]]'' (1484).
}}
{{pope list item
| 214<br>[[File:C o a Alexander VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1492 papal conclave|11 August 1492]] –<br>18 August 1503<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1492|08|11|1503|08|18}})}}
| [[File:Pope Alexander Vi.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Sextus}}
| Roderic Llançol i de [[House of Borgia|Borja]]
| 1 January 1431 Xàtiva, Kingdom of Valencia
| 61 / 72
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Valencia]] (and therefore subject of the [[Crown of Aragon]]). Nephew of [[Pope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]]; father to both [[Cesare Borgia]] and [[Lucrezia Borgia]]. Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the papal bull ''[[Inter caetera]]'' (1493). Considered as one of the most controversial of the [[Renaissance Papacy|Renaissance popes]], partly because he acknowledged fathering several children by his mistresses. As a result, his Italianized Valencian surname, Borgia, became a byword for libertinism and nepotism, traditionally considered as characterizing his pontificate.
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 16th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 16th century}}
{{pope list item
| 215<br>[[File:C o a Piccolomini Popes.svg|40px]]
| [[September 1503 papal conclave|22 September 1503]] –<br>18 October 1503<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1503|09|22|1503|10|18}})}}
| [[File:PiusIII.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius III|Pius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Tertius}}
| Francesco Todeschini-[[Piccolomini]]
| 29 May 1439 Siena, Republic of Siena
| 64 / 64
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Siena]]. Nephew of [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]]. Founded the Piccolomini Library in the [[Siena Cathedral]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 216<br>[[File:C o a popes Della Rovere.svg|40px]]
| [[October 1503 papal conclave|31 October 1503]] –<br>21 February 1513<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1503|10|31|1513|02|21}})}}
| [[File:Raffaello Sanzio - Portrait of Julius II - WGA18799 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Julius II|Julius II]]'''<br>{{small|'''IVLIVS''' Secundus}}
| Giuliano [[della Rovere]], [[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]
| 5 December 1443 [[Albisola Superiore|Albisola]], Republic of Genoa
| 59 / 69
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Genoa]]. Nephew of [[Pope Sixtus IV|Sixtus IV]]. Member of the [[Franciscan Order]]. Nicknamed the "Warrior Pope" or the "Fearsome Pope". Became pope in the context of the Italian Wars, a period in which the major powers of Europe fought for primacy in the Italian peninsula. Took control of all the [[Papal States]] for the first time. Established the [[Vatican Museums]] and initiated the rebuilding of [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. The same year, he organized the famous [[Swiss Guard]] for his personal protection and commanded a successful campaign in Romagna against the local lords. The interests of Julius II also lay in the New World, as he ratified the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] (1506), establishing the first bishoprics in the Americas and starting the catholicization of [[Latin America]]. Commissioned the four [[Raphael Rooms]] and [[Michelangelo]]'s paintings in the [[Sistine Chapel]] (1508). Convened the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]] (1512).

Julius II was described by [[Machiavelli]] in his works as the ideal prince. Julius II allowed people seeking [[indulgences]] to donate money to the Church, which would be used for the construction of St. Peter's Basilica.
}}
{{pope list item
| 217<br>[[File:C o a Medici popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1513 papal conclave|9 March 1513]] –<br>1 December 1521<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1513|03|09|1521|12|01}})}}
| [[File:Raffaello, ritratto di papa leone X tra i cardinali luigi de' rossi e giulio de' medici, 1518, 03.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Decimus}}
| Giovanni di Lorenzo de' [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 11 December 1475 [[Florence]], [[Republic of Florence]]
| 37 / 45
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Florence]]. Son of [[Lorenzo the Magnificent]]. Closed the [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]] (1517). Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica and for excommunicating [[Martin Luther]] (1521). Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal. Borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant patron of the arts. Under his reign, progress was made on the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, and artists such as Raphael decorated the Vatican rooms. Leo X also reorganized the [[Roman University]] and promoted the study of literature, poetry, and antiquities. Last pope to not have been in the priestly orders at the time of his election to the papacy.
}}
{{pope list item
| 218<br>[[File:C o a Hadrianus VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1521–1522 papal conclave|9 January 1522]] –<br>14 September 1523<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1522|01|09|1523|09|14}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Adrian VI (by Jan van Scorel).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''HADRIANVS''' Sextus}}
| Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens
| 2 March 1459 [[Utrecht]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]]
| 62 / 64
| Motto: {{lang|la|Patere et sustine}} {{small|("Respect and wait")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/AR6.htm |title=Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162435/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/AR6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]]. The only [[Dutch people|Dutch]] pope; last non-Italian to be elected pope until [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] in 1978. Tutor of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]. Came to the papacy in the midst of one of its greatest crises, threatened not only by Lutheranism to the north, but also by the advance of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] to the east. He refused to compromise with Lutheranism theologically, demanding Martin Luther's condemnation as a heretic. However, he is noted for his attempt to reform the Catholic Church administratively in response to the Protestant Reformation. Adrian VI's remarkable admission that the turmoil of the Church was the fault of the [[Roman Curia]] itself was read at the 1522–1523 Diet of Nuremberg.

His efforts at reform, however, proved fruitless, as they were resisted by most of his [[Renaissance]] ecclesiastical contemporaries, and he did not live long enough to see his efforts through to their conclusion.
}}
{{pope list item
| 219<br>[[File:C o a Medici popes.svg|40px]]
| [[1523 papal conclave|26 November 1523]] –<br>25 September 1534<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1523|11|26|1534|09|25}})}}
| [[File:Sebastiano del Piombo (Italian) - Pope Clement VII - Google Art Project.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement VII|Clement VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Septimus}}
| Giulio di Giuliano de' [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 26 May 1478 Florence, Republic of Florence
| 45 / 56
| Motto: {{lang|la|Candor illæsus}} {{small|("Unharmed candor")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C07.htm |title=Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162253/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C07.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Citizen of the [[Republic of Florence]]. Cousin of [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]. Rome was [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sacked]] by imperial troops (1527). Forbade the divorce of King [[Henry VIII of England]]. Crowned Emperor Charles V at [[Bologna]] in 1530. Commissioned [[Michelangelo]]'s painting of ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' in the Sistine Chapel (1533). Approved [[Copernicus]]'s [[Copernican heliocentrism|heliocentric model of the universe]] (1533). 

The [[Catherine de' Medici|niece]] of the pope was married to the future [[Henry II of France]] (1533). Recognized the [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin]] (Capuchins).
}}
{{pope list item
| 220<br>[[File:C o a Paulus III.svg|40px]]
| [[1534 papal conclave|13 October 1534]] –<br>10 November 1549<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1534|10|13|1549|11|10}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Paul III Farnese (by Titian) - National Museum of Capodimonte.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul III|Paul III]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Tertius}}
| Alessandro [[House of Farnese|Farnese]]
| 29 February 1468 [[Canino]], Papal States
| 66 / 81
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Recognized the [[Jesuits]] (1540). Opened the [[Council of Trent]] (1545). His illegitimate son became the first [[duke of Parma]]. Decreed the second and final excommunication of King [[Henry VIII of England]]. Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter's Basilica (1546).
}}
{{pope list item
| 221<br>[[File:C o a Iulius III.svg|40px]]
| [[1549–1550 papal conclave|7 February 1550]] –<br>29 March 1555<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1550|02|07|1555|03|29}})}}
| [[File:Girolamo Sicciolante - Paus Julius III.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Julius III|Julius III]]'''<br>{{small|'''IVLIVS''' Tertius}}
| Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte
| 10 September 1487 Rome, Papal States
| 62 / 67
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Reopened the [[Council of Trent]] (1551). Established the {{lang|la|[[Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum|Collegium Germanicum]]}} (1552). The [[Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte|Innocenzo Scandal]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 222<br>[[File:C o a Marcelus II.svg|40px]]
| [[April 1555 papal conclave|9 April 1555]] –<br>1 May 1555<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1555|04|09|1555|05|01}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Marcellus II Cervini (Vatican Museums - Musei Vaticani, Vatican).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]'''<br>{{small|'''MARCELLVS''' Secundus}}
| Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi
| 6 May 1501 [[Montefano]], Papal States
| 53 / 53
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Last to use his birth name as his [[papal name]]. Instituted immediate economies in the expenditure of the Holy See. The ''[[Missa Papae Marcelli]]'' was composed in his honour.
}}
{{pope list item
| 223<br>[[File:C o a Paulus IV.svg|40px]]
| [[May 1555 papal conclave|23 May 1555]] –<br>18 August 1559<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1555|05|23|1559|08|18}})}}
| [[File:Pope Paul IV – Jacopino Conte (Manner), ca. 1560.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Quartus}}
| Gian Pietro [[Carafa family|Carafa]], [[Theatines|C.R.]]
| 28 June 1476 [[Capriglia Irpina]], Kingdom of Naples
| 78 / 83
| Motto: {{lang|la|Dominus mihi adjutor}} {{small|("The Lord is my helper")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL4.htm |title=Pope Paul IV (1555–1559) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162412/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Founder and member of the [[Theatines]]. Established the [[Roman Ghetto]] in the bull ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'' (1555) and published the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books]]'' (1559). Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nude figures in ''The Last Judgment'' modestly.
}}
{{pope list item
| 224<br>[[File:C o a Pius IV.svg|40px]]
| [[1559 papal conclave|26 December 1559]] –<br>9 December 1565<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1559|12|26|1565|12|09}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Pius IV, three-quarter-length, seated at a draped table (Circle of Scipione Pulzone).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Quartus}}
| Giovanni Angelo [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 31 March 1499 [[Milan]], [[Duchy of Milan]]
| 60 / 66
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Reopened and closed the [[Council of Trent]] (1563). Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome. Instituted the [[Profession of faith (Catholic Church)|Tridentine Creed]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 225<br>[[File:C o a Pius V.svg|40px]]
| [[1565–1566 papal conclave|7 January 1566]] –<br>1 May 1572<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1566|01|07|1572|05|01}})}}
| [[File:Bartolomeo Passarotti - Pius V.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Pius V|Pius V]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Quintus}}
| Antonio Ghislieri, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| 17 January 1504 [[Bosco Marengo|Bosco]], Duchy of Milan
| 61 / 68
| Motto: {{lang|la|Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas}} {{small|("O that my ways may be steadfast in keeping Thy statutes")}}
Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Member of the [[Dominican Order]], with the religious name Michele. Excommunicated Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]]. Issued the [[Tridentine Mass|1570 Roman Missal]]. [[Battle of Lepanto]] (1571); instituted the feast of [[Our Lady of Victory]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 226<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1572 papal conclave|13 May 1572]] –<br>10 April 1585<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1572|05|23|1585|04|10}})}}
| [[File:Pope Gregory XIII portrait.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Ugo [[Boncompagni]]
| 7 January 1502 Bologna, Papal States
| 70 / 83
| Motto: {{lang|la|Aperuit et clausit}} {{small|("Opened and closed")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/G13.htm |title=Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810190505/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/G13.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican. First pope to bestow the [[Immaculate Conception]] as the patron saint of the Philippine Islands through the bull ''Ilius Fulti Præsido'' (1579). Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations. [[Gregorian calendar|Reformed the calendar]] (1582).
}}
{{pope list item
| 227<br>[[File:C o a Sixtus V.svg|40px]]
| [[1585 papal conclave|24 April 1585]] –<br>27 August 1590<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1585|04|24|1590|08|27}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Sixtus V.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]]'''<br>{{small|'''XYSTVS''' Quintus}}
| Felice Peretti di Montalto, [[Conventual Franciscans|O.F.M. Conv.]]
| 13 December 1521 [[Grottammare]], Papal States
| 63 / 68
| Motto: {{lang|la|Aqua et panis, vita canis}} {{small|("Water and bread are a dog's life")}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bartleby.com/344/365.html |title=Sixtus V. S.A. Bent, comp. 1887. Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men|access-date=2022-02-15|website=www.bartleby.com}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Conventual Franciscans|Conventual Franciscan Order]]. Fixed and completed building works to major basilicas in Rome. Limited the [[College of Cardinals]] to 70 in number; [[Immensa aeterni Dei|doubled]] the number of [[Roman Curia|Curial congregations]] (1588).
}}
{{pope list item
| 228<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus VII.svg|40px]]
| [[September 1590 papal conclave|15 September 1590]] –<br>27 September 1590<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1590|09|15|1590|09|27}})}}
| [[File:Papa Urbano VII (Pope Urban VII).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Septimus}}
| Giovanni Battista Castagna
| 4 August 1521 Rome, Papal States
| 69 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Supported by Spain. Shortest-reigning pope; died before coronation. Set the first known worldwide smoking ban, banning smoking in and near all churches.
}}
{{pope list item
| 229<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XIV.svg|40px]]
| [[October–December 1590 papal conclave|5 December 1590]] –<br>16 October 1591<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1590|12|05|1591|10|16}})}}
| [[File:Roman School – Portrait of Pope Gregory XIV (16th Century).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Quartus Decimus}}
| Niccolò Sfondrati
| 11 February 1535 [[Somma Lombardo]], Duchy of Milan
| 55 / 56
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Modified the constitution ''Effraenatam'' of [[Pope Sixtus V|Sixtus V]] so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated. Made [[gambling on papal elections]] punishable by excommunication through the bull ''Cogit nos'' (1591) to maintain the sanctity and seriousness of the election process.
}}
{{pope list item
| 230<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1591 papal conclave|29 October 1591]] –<br>30 December 1591<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1591|10|29|1591|12|30}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Innocent IX (Fidenza Cathedral Museum - Museo del Duomo di Fidenza, Fidenza).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent IX|Innocent IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Nonus}}
| Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
| 20 July 1519 Bologna, Papal States
| 72 / 72
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Supported the cause of King [[Philip II of Spain]] and the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] against King [[Henry IV of France]] in the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Prohibited alienation of church property.
}}
{{pope list item
| 231<br>[[File:C o a Clementem VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1592 papal conclave|30 January 1592]] –<br>3 March 1605<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1592|01|30|1605|03|03}})}}
| [[File:Papst Clemens VIII Italian 17th century.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Octavus}}
| Ippolito [[Aldobrandini family|Aldobrandini]]
| 24 February 1536 [[Fano]], Papal States
| 55 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the [[Ottoman Empire]] known as the [[Long War (1591–1606)|Long War]] (1595). Convened the ''[[Congregatio de Auxiliis]]'', addressing the doctrinal disputes between the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] and [[Jesuits]] regarding free will and divine grace.<ref name="Blunt1874">{{cite book |author=John Henry Blunt|author-link=John Henry Blunt |title=Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA234|access-date=11 August 2012 |year=1874 |publisher=Rivingtons |pages=234–240 |chapter=Jansenists|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310122948/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 17th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 17th century}}
{{pope list item
| 232<br>[[File:C o a Medici popes.svg|40px]]
| [[March–April 1605 papal conclave|1 April 1605]] –<br>27 April 1605<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1605|04|01|1605|04|27}})}}
| [[File:Leo XI 2.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo XI|Leo XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Undecimus}}
| Alessandro Ottaviano de' [[House of Medici|Medici]]
| 2 June 1535 Florence, [[Duchy of Florence]]
| 69 / 69
| Subject of the [[Duchy of Florence]]. Great-nephew of [[Pope Leo X|Leo X]]. Called the "Lightning Pope" (''Papa Lampo'') due to his brief pontificate.
}}
{{pope list item
| 233<br>[[File:C o a Paulus V.svg|40px]]
| [[May 1605 papal conclave|16 May 1605]] –<br>28 January 1621<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1605|05|16|1621|01|28}})}}
| [[File:Pope Paul V (cropped 2).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Quintus}}
| Camillo [[Borghese family|Borghese]]
| 17 September 1550 Rome, Papal States
| 54 / 70
| Motto: {{lang|la|Absit nisi in Te gloriari}} {{small|("May it be absent, except to glory in You")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL5.htm |title=Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=1 April 2014|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011155/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Known for his various building projects, including the facade of [[St Peter's Basilica]]. Established the [[Bank of the Holy Spirit]] (1605). Restored the [[Aqua Traiana]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 234<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XV.svg|40px]]
| [[1621 papal conclave|9 February 1621]] –<br>8 July 1623<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1621|02|09|1623|07|08}})}}
| [[File:Pope Gregory XV.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XV|Gregory XV]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Quintus Decimus}}
| Alessandro [[Ludovisi (family)|Ludovisi]]
| 9 January 1554 Bologna, Papal States
| 67 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Issued the bull ''[[Aeterni Patris Filius]]'' (1621), which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot. Established the [[Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]] (1622). Issued the apostolic constitution ''Omnipotentis Dei'' (1623) against magicians and witches.
}}
{{pope list item
| 235<br>[[File:C o a Urbanus VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1623 papal conclave|6 August 1623]] –<br>29 July 1644<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1623|08|06|1644|07|29}})}}
| [[File:Urban VIII (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''VRBANVS''' Octavus}}
| Maffeo Vincenzo [[Barberini family|Barberini]]
| 5 April 1568 Florence, [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]
| 55 / 76
| Subject of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. Trial against [[Galileo Galilei]]. Last pope to expand the papal territory by force of arms. Issued a 1624 bill that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication.
}}
{{pope list item
| 236<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius X.svg|40px]]
| [[1644 papal conclave|15 September 1644]] –<br>7 January 1655<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1644|09|15|1655|01|07}})}}
| [[File:Retrato del Papa Inocencio X. Roma, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent X|Innocent X]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Decimus}}
| Giovanni Battista [[Pamphili family|Pamphili]]
| 6 May 1574 Rome, Papal States
| 70 / 80
| Motto: {{lang|la|Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram}} {{small|("Water on earth")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/I10.htm |title=Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810190631/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/I10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Great-great-great-grandson of [[Pope Alexander VI|Alexander VI]]. Erected the [[Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi]] in [[Piazza Navona]]. Opposed the [[Peace of Westphalia]]. Promulgated the apostolic constitution ''[[Cum occasione]]'' (1653), condemning the five doctrines of [[Jansenism]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 237<br>[[File:C o a Alexander VII.svg|40px]]
| [[1655 papal conclave|7 April 1655]] –<br>22 May 1667<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1655|04|07|1667|05|22}})}}
| [[File:Alexander VII.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Alexander VII|Alexander VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Septimus}}
| Fabio [[Chigi family|Chigi]]
| 13 February 1599 Siena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
| 56 / 68
| Subject of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. Great-nephew of [[Pope Paul V|Paul V]]. Commissioned [[St. Peter's Square]]. Issued the apostolic constitution ''Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum'' that set the doctrine of the [[Immaculate Conception]] (1661), almost identical to that of [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] nearly two centuries later.
}}
{{pope list item
| 238<br>[[File:C o a Clementem IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1667 papal conclave|20 June 1667]] –<br>9 December 1669<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1667|06|20|1669|12|09}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Clement IX, by Carlo Maratti (or Maratta) - Hermitage Museum.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement IX|Clement IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Nonus}}
| Giulio [[Rospigliosi family|Rospigliosi]]
| 28 January 1600 [[Pistoia]], Grand Duchy of Tuscany
| 67 / 69
| Motto: {{lang|la|Aliis non sibi clemens}} {{small|("Clement to others, not to himself")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C09.htm |title=Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810191031/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C09.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. Mediated in the [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)|Peace of Aachen]] (1668).
}}
{{pope list item
| 239<br>[[File:C o a Clementem X.svg|40px]]
| [[1669–1670 papal conclave|29 April 1670]] –<br>22 July 1676<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1670|04|29|1676|07|22}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Clement X, by Giovanni Battista Gaulli (Baciccio) - Metropolitan Museum of Art.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement X|Clement X]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Decimus}}
| Emilio Bonaventura [[Altieri family|Altieri]]
| 13 July 1590 Rome, Papal States
| 79 / 86
| Motto: {{lang|la|Bonum auget malum minuit}} {{small|("He increases good and diminishes evil")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C10.htm |title=Pope Clement X (1670–1676)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810205235/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Canonized the first saint from the Americas: [[St Rose of Lima]] (1671). Decorated the bridge of Sant' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and commissioned one of the two fountains adorning the piazza of [[St. Peter's Square]]. Regulated the removal of relics of saints from sacred cemeteries.
}}
{{pope list item
| 240<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius XI.svg|40px]]
| [[1676 papal conclave|21 September 1676]] –<br>12 August 1689<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1676|09|21|1689|08|12}})}}
| [[File:Jacob Ferdinand Voet - Portrait of Innocenzo XI Odescalchi (cropped).jpeg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Innocent XI|Innocent XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Undecimus}}
| Benedetto [[Erba-Odescalchi|Odescalchi]]
| 16 May 1611 [[Como]], Duchy of Milan
| 65 / 78
| Motto: {{lang|la|Avarus non implebitur}} {{small|("The covetous man is not satisfied")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/I11.htm |title=Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210610/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/I11.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Condemned the [[doctrine of mental reservation]] (1679) and initiated the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]]. Extended the [[Holy Name of Mary]] as a universal feast (1684). Admired for positive contributions to catechesis.
}}
{{pope list item
| 241<br>[[File:C o a Alexander VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1689 papal conclave|6 October 1689]] –<br>1 February 1691<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1689|10|06|1691|02|01}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Alexander VIII – Roman School of 17th Century – (unframed).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Alexander VIII|Alexander VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''ALEXANDER''' Octavus}}
| Pietro Vito [[Ottoboni family|Ottoboni]]
| 22 April 1610 Venice, Republic of Venice
| 79 / 80
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Condemned the so-called [[philosophical sin]] (1690).
}}
{{pope list item
| 242<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1691 papal conclave|12 July 1691]] –<br>27 September 1700<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1691|07|12|1700|09|27}})}}
| [[File:Antonio Zanchi – Papa Innocenzo XII (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent XII|Innocent XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Duodecimus}}
| Antonio [[House of Pignatelli|Pignatelli]]
| 13 March 1615 [[Spinazzola]], Kingdom of Naples
| 76 / 85
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Issued the bull ''[[Romanum decet Pontificem]]'' (1692) to stop nepotism. Erected various charitable and educational institutions.
}}
{{pope list item
| 243<br>[[File:C o a Clementem XI.svg|40px]]
| [[1700 papal conclave|23 November 1700]] –<br>19 March 1721<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1700|11|23|1721|03|19}})}}
| [[File:Portrait of Pope Clement XI Albani (Vatican Museums - Musei Vaticani, Vatican).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement XI|Clement XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Undecimus}}
| Giovanni Francesco Albani
| 23 July 1649 [[Urbino]], Papal States
| 51 / 71
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. The [[Chinese Rites controversy]]. Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the [[Roman catacombs]] and made the feast of [[Immaculate Conception]] universal. The Inquisition's ban on the reprinting of Galileo's works was lifted in 1718, when permission was granted to publish an edition of his scientific works (excluding the condemned ''Dialogue'') in Florence.<ref name="Papal Timeline" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Heilbron |first=John L. |contribution=Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo |editor-first=Ernan |editor-last=McMullin |title=The Church and Galileo |date=2005 |publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |isbn=978-0-268-03483-2 |page=299}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 18th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 18th century}}
{{pope list item
| 244<br>[[File:C o a Inocentius XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1721 papal conclave|8 May 1721]] –<br>7 March 1724<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1721|05|08|1724|03|07}})}}
| [[File:InnocientXIII.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Innocent XIII|Innocent XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''INNOCENTIVS''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Michelangelo dei [[Counts of Segni|Conti]]
| 13 May 1655 [[Poli, Lazio|Poli]], Papal States
| 65 / 68
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Prohibited the [[Jesuits]] from prosecuting their mission in [[China]], ordering that no new members should be received into the order. Issued the papal bull ''[[Apostolici Ministerii]]'' (1724), reviving ecclesiastical discipline in [[History of Spain (1700–1808)|Spain]] and [[Spanish Empire|its colonies]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 245<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1724 papal conclave|29 May 1724]] –<br>21 February 1730<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1724|05|29|1730|02|21}})}}
| [[File:Benedetto XIII.jpg|80px]]
| [[Servant of God]] '''[[Pope Benedict XIII|Benedict XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Pierfrancesco [[Orsini family|Orsini]], [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| 2 February 1649 [[Gravina in Puglia]], Kingdom of Naples
| 75 / 81
| Subject of the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Member of the [[Dominican Order]], with the religious name Vincenzo. Third and last member of the [[Orsini family]] to become pope. Originally called Benedict XIV due to [[Antipope Benedict XIII|the antipope]] but reverted to XIII. Repealed the worldwide [[tobacco]] smoking ban set by [[Pope Urban VII|Urban VII]] and [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]]. During his pontificate, [[James Bradley]] discovered the stellar aberration, proving the relative motion of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun.
}}
{{pope list item
| 246<br>[[File:C o a Clementem XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1730 papal conclave|12 July 1730]] –<br>6 February 1740<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1730|07|12|1740|02|06}})}}
| [[File:Agostino Masucci – Portrait of Pope Clement XII, seated.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement XII|Clement XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Duodecimus}}
| Lorenzo [[Corsini family|Corsini]]
| 7 April 1652 Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
| 78 / 87
| Motto: {{lang|la|Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum}} {{small|("You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C12.htm |title=Pope Clement XII (1730–1740) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=14 August 2014|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810191031/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/C12.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]. Commissioned the [[Trevi Fountain]] in Rome (1732). Completed the new façade of the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]] (1735). Condemned [[Freemasonry]] in ''[[In eminenti apostolatus]]'' (1738).
}}
{{pope list item
| 247<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XIV.svg|40px]]
| [[1740 papal conclave|17 August 1740]] –<br>3 May 1758<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1740|08|17|1758|05|03}})}}
| [[File:Benoit XIV.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Benedict XIV|Benedict XIV]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Quartus Decimus}}
| Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini
| 31 March 1675 Bologna, Papal States
| 65 / 83
| Motto: {{lang|la|Curabuntur omnes}} {{small|("All will be healed")}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/B14.htm |title=Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) |publisher=GCatholic|access-date=14 August 2014|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023657/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/B14.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Reformed the education of [[priests]] and the [[Calendar of Saints|calendar of feasts]]. Completed the [[Trevi Fountain]] and affirmed the teachings of [[Thomas Aquinas]]. Founded academies of art, liturgy, religion, and science. Authorized the publication of an edition of Galileo's complete scientific works, including a mildly censored version of Galileo's ''Dialogue''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 248<br>[[File:C o a Clementem XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1758 papal conclave|6 July 1758]] –<br>2 February 1769<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1758|07|06|1769|02|02}})}}
| [[File:Anton Raphael Mengs - Portrait of pope Clement XIII, c. 1760.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement XIII|Clement XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico
| 7 March 1693 Venice, Republic of Venice
| 65 / 75
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican. Defended the [[Jesuits]] in the bull ''[[Apostolicum pascendi]]'' (1765). During his pontificate (or at the end of his predecessor's pontificate), the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books]]'', although the specific ban on uncensored versions of Galileo's ''Dialogue'' and Copernicus's ''De Revolutionibus'' remained.
}}
{{pope list item
| 249<br>[[File:C o a Clementem XIV.svg|40px]]
| [[1769 papal conclave|19 May 1769]] –<br>22 September 1774<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1769|05|19|1774|09|22}})}}
| [[File:Vincenzo Milione - Portrait of Pope Clement XIV.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Clement XIV|Clement XIV]]'''<br>{{small|'''CLEMENS''' Quartus Decimus}}
| Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, [[Conventual Franciscans|O.F.M. Conv.]]
| 31 October 1705 [[Sant'Arcangelo di Romagna|Sant'<br>Arcangelo di Romagna]], Papal States
| 63 / 68
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Conventual Franciscans|Conventual Franciscan Order]], with the religious name Lorenzo. Suppressed the [[Jesuits]] through the brief ''[[Dominus ac Redemptor]]'' (1773).
}}
{{pope list item
| 250<br>[[File:C o a Pius VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1774–1775 papal conclave|15 February 1775]] –<br>29 August 1799<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1775|02|15|1799|08|29}})}}
| [[File:Pompeo Batoni - Ritratto di Papa Pio VI (National Gallery of Ireland).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Sextus}}
| Giovanni Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Antonio [[Braschi family|Braschi]]
| 25 December 1717 [[Cesena]], Papal States
| 57 / 81
| Motto: {{lang|la|Floret in Domo Domini}} {{small|("It blossoms in the House of God")}}<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wind was too Strong |url=http://romeartlover.tripod.com/PiusVI.html |publisher=Rome Art Lover|access-date=12 February 2014|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305005642/http://romeartlover.tripod.com/PiusVI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Condemned the [[French Revolution]]; expelled from the Papal States by the French from 1798 until his death. Last pope to be a patron of [[Renaissance]] art.
}}
{{pope list item
| interregnum=yes
| 29 August 1799 –<br>14 March 1800<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1799|08|29|1800|03|14}})}}
| Six-month [[1799–1800 papal conclave|period]] without a valid pope elected. This was due to unique logistical problems (the former pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice) and a deadlock among cardinals voting.
}}
{{pope list item
| 251<br>[[File:C o a Pius VII.svg|40px]]
| [[1799–1800 papal conclave|14 March 1800]] –<br>20 August 1823<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1800|03|14|1823|08|20}})}}
| [[File:Jacques-Louis David 018.jpg|80px]]
| [[Servant of God]] '''[[Pope Pius VII|Pius VII]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Septimus}}
|  Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, [[Order of Saint Benedict|O.S.B.]]
| 14 August 1742 Cesena, Papal States
| 57 / 81
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Member of the [[Order of Saint Benedict]], with the religious name Gregorio. Present at [[Napoleon]]'s coronation as [[emperor of the French]]. Expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814. Revived the [[Jesuits]] in the bull ''[[Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum]]'' (1814). Organized the [[Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City|Papal Carabinieri Corps]] (1816).
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 19th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 19th century}}
{{pope list item
| 252<br>[[File:C o a Leon XII.svg|40px]]
| [[1823 papal conclave|28 September 1823]] –<br>10 February 1829<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1823|09|28|1829|02|10}})}}
| [[File:Charles Picqué – Portrait de Léon XII (1828).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo XII|Leo XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Duodecimus}}
| Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga
| 22 August 1760 [[Genga, Marche|Genga]], Papal States
| 63 / 68
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through the bull ''[[Quod divina sapientia]]'' (1824). Condemned [[Freemasonry]] and the [[Bible society|Bible societies]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 253<br>[[File:C o a Pius VIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1829 papal conclave|31 March 1829]] –<br>30 November 1830<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1829|03|31|1830|11|30}})}}
| [[File:Ritratto di Papa Pio VIII, by Clemente Alberi.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius VIII|Pius VIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Octavus}}
| Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni
| 20 November 1761 [[Cingoli]], Papal States
| 67 / 69
| Subject and later the sovereign of the [[Papal States]]. Accepted [[Louis Philippe I]] as [[king of the French]]. Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist translations of the Bible through the brief ''Litteris altero'' (1830).
}}
{{pope list item
| 254<br>[[File:C o a Gregorius XVI.svg|40px]]
| [[1830–1831 papal conclave|2 February 1831]] –<br>1 June 1846<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1831|02|02|1846|06|01}})}}
| [[File:Gregory XVI.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Gregory XVI|Gregory XVI]]'''<br>{{small|'''GREGORIVS''' Sextus Decimus}}
| Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, [[Camaldolese|O.S.B. Cam.]]
| 18 September 1765 [[Belluno]], Republic of Venice
| 65 / 80
| Citizen of the [[Republic of Venice]]. Member of the [[Camaldolese]], with the religious name Mauro. Last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy. Politically opposed to democratic and modernising reforms of the Papal States. Regarding scientific thinking, all traces of opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835, when the uncensored versions of ''Dialogue'' and ''De Revolutionibus'' were finally removed from the ''[[Index of Forbidden Books|Index]]''.
}}
{{pope list item
| 255<br>[[File:C o a Pius IX.svg|40px]]
| [[1846 papal conclave|16 June 1846]] –<br>7 February 1878<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1846|06|16|1878|02|07}})}}
| [[File:Pius IX, by Adolphe Braun, 1875.jpg|80px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Nonus}}
| Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro [[Mastai family|Mastai]]-Ferretti
| 13 May 1792 [[Senigallia]], Papal States
| 54 / 85
| Subject and later the last sovereign of the [[Papal States]], finally becoming an Italian citizen. Defined the dogmas of [[Immaculate Conception]] and [[papal infallibility]]. Issued the controversial [[Syllabus of Errors]] (1864). Opened the [[First Vatican Council]] (1869). Lost the [[Papal States]] to Italy (1870). Longest-reigning pope since [[Saint Peter|Peter]] (c. 30–64); longest verified reign. First pope to be photographed.

During his pontificate, Augustinian friar [[Gregor Mendel]] published the "[[Experiments on Plant Hybridization]]" and [[Charles Darwin]] published ''[[On the Origin of Species]]''. At that time, no high-level Church pronouncement attacked head-on the theory of evolution as applied to non-human species.<ref>Harrison, especially Conclusion section 2</ref>

Even before the development of the [[scientific method]], Catholic theology had allowed for biblical texts to be read as allegorical rather than literal where they appeared to contradict that which could be established by science or reason. Thus, Catholicism has been able to refine its understanding of scripture in light of scientific discoveries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0043.htm |title=Catholic Education Resource Center|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113053619/https://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/science/sc0043.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html |title=The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine |access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712161455/https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1988/PSCF3-88Young.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
{{pope list item
| 256<br>[[File:C o a Leon XIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1878 papal conclave|20 February 1878]] –<br>20 July 1903<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1878|02|20|1903|07|20}})}}
| [[File:Papa Leone XIII.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''LEO''' Tertius Decimus}}
| Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci
| 2 March 1810 [[Carpineto Romano]], [[First French Empire|French Empire]]
| 67 / 93
| French citizen of [[Italians|Italian]] ethnicity, later becoming a subject of the Papal States and finally an Italian citizen. Issued the encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'' (1891), supporting [[Christian democracy]] against [[Communism]]. Fourth-longest reigning pope after [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]], and [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]. Promoted the [[rosary and scapular]]. Approved two new Marian scapulars; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as [[mediatrix]]. First pope to be [[Sua Santità papa Leone XIII|filmed using a motion picture camera]] (1898) and first pope with voice recorded. Oldest verified pope in office.
}}
{{pope list end}}

==== 20th century ====
{{pope list begin|title=Popes of the 20th century}}
{{pope list item
| 257<br>[[File:C o a Pius X (2).svg|40px]]
| [[1903 papal conclave|4 August 1903]] –<br>20 August 1914<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1903|08|04|1914|08|20}})}}
| [[File:Pius X, by Francesco De Federicis, 1903 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Pius X|Pius X]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Decimus}}
| Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto
| 2 June 1835 [[Riese Pio X|Riese]], [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], [[Austrian Empire]]
| 68 / 79
| Motto: {{lang|la|Instaurare omnia in Christo}} {{small|("To restore all things in Christ")}}
Subject of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], later becoming an Italian citizen. Placed a renewed emphasis on the [[Eucharist]], expanding its reception. Combatted [[Modernism (Roman Catholicism)|Modernism]], issuing an [[Oath Against Modernism|oath against it]] (1910). Advocated the use of [[Gregorian Chant]] and [[Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X|reformed the Roman Breviary]] (1911).
}}
{{pope list item
| 258<br>[[File:C o a Benedictus XV.svg|40px]]
| [[1914 papal conclave|3 September 1914]] –<br>22 January 1922<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1914|09|03|1922|01|22}})}}
| [[File:Benedictus XV, by Nicola Perscheid, 1915 (retouched).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Benedict XV|Benedict XV]]'''<br>{{small|'''BENEDICTVS''' Quintus Decimus}}
| Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa
| 21 November 1854 [[Pegli]], [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| 59 / 67
| Motto: {{lang|la|In Te, Domine, speravi; non confundar in aeternum}} {{small|("In Thee, o Lord, have I trusted; let me not be confounded for evermore")}}
Subject of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]], later becoming an Italian citizen. Credited for intervening for peace during [[World War I]]. Issued the [[1917 Code of Canon Law]]; supported the missionaries in ''[[Maximum illud]]''. Remembered by [[Pope Benedict XVI|Benedict XVI]] as a "prophet of peace". Reversed the betting ban on the outcome of papal elections imposed by [[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 259<br>[[File:C o a Pius XI.svg|40px]]
| [[1922 papal conclave|6 February 1922]] –<br>10 February 1939<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1922|02|06|1939|02|10}})}}
| [[File:Pius XI, by Nicola Perscheid (retouched).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Pope Pius XI|Pius XI]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Undecimus}}
| Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti
| 31 May 1857 [[Desio]], Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire
| 64 / 81
| Motto: {{lang|la|Pax Christi in Regno Christi}} {{small|("The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ")}}
Subject of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]], later becoming an Italian citizen. Signed the [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy (1929), establishing [[Vatican City]] as a sovereign state. Inaugurated the [[Vatican Radio]] (1931). Refounded the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] (1936). Instituted the [[feast of Christ the King]]. Opposed [[Nazism]] and [[Communism]].
}}
{{pope list item
| 260<br>[[File:C o a Pius XII (2).svg|40px]]
| [[1939 papal conclave|2 March 1939]] –<br>9 October 1958<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1939|03|02|1958|10|09}})}}
| [[File:Pius XII, by Michael Pitcairn, 1951 (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| [[Venerable#Roman Catholic|Ven]]. '''[[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]]'''<br>{{small|'''PIVS''' Duodecimus}}
| Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli
| 2 March 1876 Rome, [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| 63 / 82
| Motto: {{lang|la|Opus justitiae pax}} {{small|("The work of justice [shall be] peace")}}
Italian citizen; first pope born after the [[unification of Italy]]. Credited with intervening for peace during [[World War II]]; controversial for [[Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust|his reactions]] to the [[Holocaust]]. Eliminated the Italian majority of [[College of Cardinals|cardinals]]. Invoked papal infallibility in the apostolic constitution ''[[Munificentissimus Deus]]'', defining the dogma of the [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption]]. Published the ''[[Humani generis]]'' (1950), the first encyclical to specifically refer to evolution and took a neutral position, concentrating on human evolution:

"The Church does not forbid that ... research and discussions, on the part of men experienced in both fields, take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter."<ref>Pius XII, [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html encyclical ''Humani generis''] 36 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419021937/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html |date=April 19, 2012 }}</ref>
}}
{{pope list item
| 261<br>[[File:C o a Johannes XXIII.svg|40px]]
| [[1958 papal conclave|28 October 1958]] –<br>3 June 1963<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1958|10|28|1963|06|03}})}}
| [[File:Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES''' Vicesimus Tertius}}
| Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
| 25 November 1881 [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Sotto il Monte]], Kingdom of Italy
| 76 / 81
| Motto: {{lang|la|Obedientia et pax}} {{small|("Obedience and peace")}}
Italian citizen. Opened the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962). Intervened for peace during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] (1962); issued the encyclical ''[[Pacem in terris]]'' (1963) on peace and nuclear disarmament Called the "Good Pope John".
}}
{{pope list item
| 262<br>[[File:C o a Paulus VI.svg|40px]]
| [[1963 papal conclave|21 June 1963]] –<br>6 August 1978<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1963|06|21|1978|08|06}})}}
| [[File:Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]'''<br>{{small|'''PAVLVS''' Sextus}}
| Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
| 26 September 1897 [[Concesio]], Kingdom of Italy
| 65 / 80
| Motto: {{lang|la|Cum Ipso in monte}} {{small|("With Him on the mountain")}}
Italian citizen. Last pope to be [[papal coronation|crowned]]. First pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy. Closed the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1965). First pope since the 9th century to visit the East, labelling the [[Eastern Church]]es as sister churches; visited the [[Eastern Orthodox]] Patriarchs of [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Constantinople]] in 1964 and 1967. Rescinded the mutual [[excommunication]]s which led to the [[Great Schism of 1054]] in his meeting with Patriarch [[Athenagoras I of Constantinople|Athenagoras I]] in 1964. Issued the encyclical ''[[Humanae vitae]]'' (1968), reaffirming the condemnation of [[artificial contraception]]. [[Mass of Paul VI|Revised]] the [[Roman Missal]] (1969).
}}
{{pope list item
| 263<br>[[File:C o a Johannes Paulus I.svg|40px]]
| [[August 1978 papal conclave|26 August 1978]] –<br>28 September 1978<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1978|08|26|1978|09|28}})}}
| [[File:Paus Johannes Paulus I (Bestanddeelnr 929-9074) (cropped).jpg|80 px]]
| Bl. '''[[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES PAVLVS''' Primus}}
| Albino Luciani
| 17 October 1912 [[Canale d'Agordo|Forno di Canale]], Kingdom of Italy
| 65 / 65
| Motto: {{lang|la|Humilitas}} {{small|("Humility")}}
Italian citizen; most recent [[Italians|Italian]] pope. First pope to be born in the twentieth century. Abolished the papal coronation and opted for the [[papal inauguration]]. First pope to use "the First" in his [[papal name]]; first with two names for his two immediate predecessors. Last to use the ''[[sedia gestatoria]]''. Died 33 days after his election.
}}
{{pope list item
| 264<br>[[File:Coat of arms of Ioannes Paulus II.svg|40px]]
| [[October 1978 papal conclave|16 October 1978]] –<br>[[Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II|2 April 2005]]<br>{{small|({{Age in years and days|1978|10|16|2005|04|02}})}}
| [[File:Pope John Paul II smile FXD.jpg|80px]]
| '''St [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]]'''<br>{{small|'''IOANNES PAVLVS''' Secundus}}
| Karol Józef Wojtyła
| 18 May 1920 [[Wadowice]], [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]]
| 58 / 84
| Motto: {{lang|la|[[Totus tuus]]}} {{small|("Totally yours")}}
Polish citizen; first pope from [[Poland]] and first of [[Slavs|Slavic]] origin. First non-Italian pope since [[Pope Adrian VI|Adrian VI]] (1522–1523). Youngest individual to begin his papacy since [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] (1846). Third-longest reigning pope after [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]]. Travelled extensively, [[List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II|visiting 129 countries]] during his pontificate. Issued the encyclical ''[[Redemptor hominis]]'' (1979), exploring contemporary human problems. Established the [[World Youth Day]] (1984) and the [[Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences]] (1994). [[List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II|Canonized 483 saints]]; more than any of his predecessors. Signed the [[Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]] (1999) between the Catholic Church and the [[Lutheran World Federation]]. First to use the [[popemobile]], replacing the ''sedia gestatoria''.
}}
{{pope list end}}