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== Komnenos dynasty (1081–1185) == {{Main|Komnenos|Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:center" |+ {{Sronly|Komnenos dynasty}} ! scope=col width="7%" | Portrait ! scope=col width="17%" | Name ! scope=col width="26%" | Reign ! scope=col width="50%" | Notes |- | [[File:Alexios I Komnenos (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]] ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios I Komnenos|'''Alexios I''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}} | 1 April 1081 – 15 August 1118<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1081|4|1|1118|8|15}})<hr/>''with'' [[Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)|'''Constantine''' Doukas]]<br/>(1081–1087; '''2nd time''')}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}} | Born in 1056, a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III. His reign was dominated by wars against the [[Normans]] and the [[Seljuk Turks]], as well as the arrival of the [[First Crusade]] and the establishment of independent [[Crusader states]]. He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until 1087 and named his eldest son John co-emperor in 1092. |- | [[File:John II head.png|100px|alt=mosaic]] ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[John II Komnenos|'''John II''' Komnenos]]<br/>"the Good"<br/>{{Small|Ἰωάννης Κομνηνός}} | 15 August 1118 – 8 April 1143<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1118|8|15|1143|4|8}})<hr/>''with'' [[Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)|'''Alexios''' Komnenos, son of John II]]<br/ >(1119–1142)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}} | Born on 13 September 1087 as the eldest son of Alexios I. Co-emperor since 1092, he succeeded upon his father's death. His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular, pious and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good". Named his eldest son [[Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)|Alexios]] co-emperor in 1122, but the son predeceased his father. |- | [[File:Manuel I Comnenus (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=miniature portrait]] ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Manuel I Komnenos|'''Manuel I''' Komnenos]]<br/>"the Great"<br/>{{Small|Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός}} | 8 April 1143 – 24 September 1180<br/>{{Small|({{Age in years, months and days|1143|4|8|1180|9|24}})}} | Born on 28 November 1118 as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother [[Isaac Komnenos (son of John II)|Isaac]] by his father on his deathbed. An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy and Egypt. His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. |- | [[File:Alexios II Komnenos (Vat.gr.1851 folio 2v) (cropped).jpg|alt=miniature portrait|100px]] ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Alexios II Komnenos|'''Alexios II''' Komnenos]]<br/>{{Small|Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός}} | 24 September 1180 – c. September 1183<br/>{{Small|(3 years)}} | Born on 14 September 1169 as the only son of Manuel I. In 1180–1182 under the regency of his mother, [[Maria of Antioch]]. She was overthrown by Andronikos I Komnenos, who became co-emperor and had Alexios II, aged 14, strangled and his body thrown in the sea{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=650–653|1pp=64, 1289|3a1=Schreiner|3p=176}} |- | [[File:143 - Andronikos I Komnenos (Mutinensis - color).png|100px|alt=miniature portrait]] ! scope=row style="text-align:center; background:#F8F9FA" | [[Andronikos I Komnenos|'''Andronikos I''' Komnenos]] <br/>{{Small|Ἀνδρόνικος Κομνηνός}} | c. September 1183 – 12 September 1185<br/>{{Small|(2 years)<hr/>''with'' [[John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)|'''John''' Komnenos, son of Andronikos I]]<br/ >(1183–1185)}}{{Efn|name=co-emperor}} | Born {{Circa|1118}}, a nephew of John II by his brother [[Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I)|Isaac]]. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East. He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in 1182 and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown by [[Isaac II Angelos|Isaac II]], tortured and mutilated in the imperial palace, then slowly dismembered alive by a mob in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople|Hippodrome]]{{Sfnm|1a1=ODB|2a1=Treadgold|2y=1997|2pp=653–656|1pp=64, 94, 1012|3a1=Lascaratos|3y=1999|3p=73}} |}
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