Editing Leonardo Torres Quevedo (section)

=== Other inventions and miscellaneous activities ===

[[File:Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida - Leonardo Torres Quevedo - A1945 - Hispanic Society of America.jpg|left|thumb|Leonardo Torres Quevedo (1917). Portrait by [[Joaquín Sorolla]]  at the [[Hispanic Society of America]] in New York City.]]

Apart from the aforementioned inventions, Torres patented the "Indicadores coordinados" ("Coordinate Indicator", 1901), a guidance system for vehicles and pedestrians using markers installed on [[Street light|streetlights]] throughout an entire city, which he proposed for Madrid and Paris under the name of "Guide Torres",<ref name="Patentes.LTQ.">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA27 Un nuevo procedimiento de señales para orientarse en la poblaciones, que denomino Indicadores coordinados],'' Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo, pp. 27–31, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref><ref name="García.Merayo2013">Félix García Merayo. ''[https://www.acta.es/medios/articulos/biografias_y_personajes/002001.pdf Leonardo Torres Quevedo],''(pdf), p. 18, Revista Digital de ACTA, 2013.</ref> the "Dianemologo" (1907), an apparatus for copying a speech as it is delivery without the need for [[shorthand]],<ref name="Patentes..LTQ">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA69 Máquina taquigráfica],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 69–73, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> "Globos fusiformes deformables" ("Deformable Fusiform Balloons", 1914), a [[fusiform]] envelope with a variable section depending on the volume of the hydrogen contained,<ref name="Patentes..LTQ..">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA59 Globos fusiformes deformables],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 59–61, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> and "Enclavamientos T.Q." ("Interlocks T.Q.", 1918), a [[Railway track|railway]] [[Interlock (engineering)|interlock]] of his own design to protect the movement of trains within a certain area.<ref name="Patentes-.LTQ">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA81 Enclavamientos ferroviarios],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 81–86, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2017|title=Workshops – Maker heritage: Engineer Torres Quevedo and the Ulía aerial tram|url=https://www.tabakalera.eus/en/maker-heritage-engineer-torres-quevedo-and-ulia-aerial-tram/|work=[[Tabakalera]]|access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>

In the last years of his life, Torres turned his attention to the field of [[Academic discipline|educational disciplines]], to investigate those elements or machines that could help educators in their task. His last patents related to subjects such as typewriters and their improvement (1922–23),<ref name="Patentes-.LTQ-.">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA87 Perfeccionamiento en las máquinas de escribir],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 87–104, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> the marginal [[pagination]] of books (1926),<ref name="Patentes-LTQ">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA105 Un nuevo procedimiento de paginación marginal de libros],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 105–114, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> and, especially, the "Puntero Proyectable" (Projectable Pointer, 1930),<ref name="Patentes-LTQ-">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA115 Puntero Proyectable],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 115–119, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> and the "Proyector Didáctico" (Didactic Projector, 1930).<ref name="Patentes-..LTQ-.">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hz6IUtukL48C&pg=PA121 Un proyector didáctico],'' ''Patentes de invención de Don Leonardo Torres Quevedo'', pp. 121–126, España Registro de la Propiedad Industrial, 1988. ISBN 84-86857-50-3</ref> The Projectable Pointer was based on the [[shadow]] produced on a plate or screen by an opaque body in motion. The presenter had the option to move the pointer on any place on the plate (today a [[Slide show|slide]]) at operate with an articulated system.<ref name="GarcíaMerayo2013">Félix García Merayo. ''[https://www.acta.es/medios/articulos/biografias_y_personajes/002001.pdf Leonardo Torres Quevedo],''(pdf), pp. 18–19, Revista Digital de ACTA, 2013.</ref> The Didactic Projector improved the way slides were placed on glass plates for projection.<ref name="López-GarcíaCeccarelli">Rafael López-García. Marco Ceccarelli. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dBvHEAAAQBAJ&dq=leonardo+torres+quevedo+innovator&pg=PA353 Distinguished Figures in Mechanical Engineering in Spain and Ibero-America],'' Springer Nature, p. 353, 2023. ISBN 978-3031310751</ref>

====Esperantist====

[[File:1923-01-24, La Libertad, Figuras y figurones, Torres Quevedo (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|120px|Leonardo Torres Quevedo. ''La Libertad'' newspaper cartoon, 1923]]

In the early 1900s, Torres learned the international language [[Esperanto]], and was an advocate of the language throughout his life. From 1922 to 1926 he participated in the work of the [[International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation]] of the [[League of Nations]], where such figures as [[Albert Einstein]], [[Marie Curie]], [[Gilbert Murray]] and [[Henri Bergson]], its first president, attended.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Grandjean |first=Martin |date=2018 |title=Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres |trans-title=The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period |url=https://theses.hal.science/tel-01853903 |language=fr |location=Lausanne |publisher=Université de Lausanne|type=phdthesis }}</ref> Torres proposed to the Committee that it study the role of an artistic auxiliary language to facilitate the scientific ones relations between the peoples. Although almost half of the Committee members were in favor of Esperanto, his motion was strongly opposed by President Bergson, receiving a clear notice from French diplomats to put the influence of French culture first, which included the French ambassador in [[Bern]], who considered Torres a "farouchement espérantiste" ("fierce Esperantist"). In 1925 he participated as the official representative of the [[Spanish government]] in the "Conference on the Use of Esperanto in Pure and Applied Sciences" held in Paris, together with {{Interlanguage link|Vicente Inglada Ors|es|Vicente_Inglada_Ors}} and [[Emilio Herrera Linares]]. That same year, he joined to the Honorary Committee of the {{Interlanguage link|Spanish Association of Esperanto|es|Asociación_Española_de _Esperanto}} (HEA) founded by [[Julio Mangada]], and continued defending the language in other forums until his death in 1936.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mgvZuQEACAAJ Conférence internationale pour l'emploi de l'espéranto dans les sciences pures et appliquées, Paris 14–17 mai 1925: documents et vœux, statuts de l'Association scientifique espérantiste],''Association scientifique internationale espérantiste, 1925.</ref><ref>(eo) Barrio, José Antonio del (2020). [https://bitoteko.esperanto.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11013/5936/Riverego142-144.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y "Kvazaŭ-ZEO* super la Niagaro".] ''La Riverego'', nr. 142–144, pp. 40–42.</ref>

====Spanish-American Technological Dictionary====

In 1910 Torres traveled to [[Argentina]] with the Infanta [[Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti|Isabel]]<ref>{{cite journal|date=1910|page=144|periodical=El Año político|title=Misión española a la Argentina|access-date=23 July 2024|url=https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/viewer?oid=0001832902&page=144}}</ref> to assist at the International Scientific Congress held in [[Buenos Aires]], one of the events organized to mark the centenary of the [[Argentine War of Independence|independence]] of Argentina. At the congress, he proposed, along with the Argentinean engineer [[Santiago Barabino]], the constitution of a Spanish-American board of scientific technology, which would eventually become the "Unión Internacional Hispano–Americana de Bibliografía y Terminología Científicas".<ref name="López-García.Ceccarelli">Rafael López-García. Marco Ceccarelli. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dBvHEAAAQBAJ&dq=leonardo+torres+quevedo+innovator&pg=PA352 Distinguished Figures in Mechanical Engineering in Spain and Ibero-America],'' Springer Nature, p. 352, 2023. ISBN 978-3031310751</ref> The first task was the publication of a technological dictionary of the Spanish language to tackle the problems caused by the increasing use of scientific and technological neologisms, as well as the adaptation of words from other languages, confronted with the avalanche of foreign terms. As a result of the work of this board, the ''Diccionario Tecnológico Hispanoamericano'' (Hispanic American Technological Dictionary) began to be published in [[Serial (literature)|fascicles]] between 1926 and 1930, although it did not see a complete edition until 1983, with a second expanded edition in 1990.<ref>Leonardo Torres Quevedo. Presidente de la Unión. [https://rac.es/fedora/get/General:GEN_20100409_00001/PDF Diccionario Tecnológico Hispano Americano], pdf, Unión Internacional Hispano-Americana de Bibliografía y Tecnología Científicas, Madrid, Arte y Ciencia, 1930.</ref><ref>Ricardo Campos Marín. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=xst7E9w3fzgC&dq=leonardo+torres+quevedo+diccionario+tecnologico+1983&pg=PA513 Medicina, ideología e historia en España (siglos XVI–XXI)],'' Editorial CSIC, p. 513, 2007. ISBN 978-8400091033</ref>