Editing Leishmania (section)

===Persistency and attraction===
The lifespan of [[neutrophil granulocytes]] is quite short. They circulate in [[bloodstream]] for about 6 to 10 hours after leaving [[bone marrow]], whereupon they undergo spontaneous [[apoptosis]]. Microbial pathogens have been reported to influence cellular apoptosis by different strategies. Obviously because of the inhibition of [[caspase]]3-activation, ''L. major'' can induce the delay of neutrophils apoptosis and extend their lifespan for at least 2–3 days. The fact of extended lifespan is very beneficial for the development of infection because the final host cells for these parasites are macrophages, which normally migrate to the sites of infection within two or three days. The pathogens are not dronish; instead they take over the command at the primary site of infection. They induce the production by PMNs of the chemokines MIP-1α and MIP-1β ([[macrophage inflammatory protein]]) to recruit macrophages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laskay |first1=Tamás |last2=van Zandbergen |first2=Ger |last3=Solbach |first3=Werner |title=Neutrophil granulocytes – Trojan horses for Leishmania major and other intracellular microbes? |journal=Trends in Microbiology |date=May 2003 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00075-1}}</ref>

An important factor in prolonging infection is the inhibition of [[Adaptive immune system|the adaptive immune system]]. This occurs especially during the intercellular phases, when amastigotes search for new macrophages to infect and are more susceptible to immune responses. Nearly all types of [[phagocyte]]s are targeted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martínez-López |first1=María |last2=Soto |first2=Manuel |last3=Iborra |first3=Salvador |last4=Sancho |first4=David |title=Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=7 May 2018 |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883 | pmid = 29867798 | pmc= 5949370 | doi-access= free }}</ref> For example, [[Mincle receptor|mincle]] has been shown to be targeted by ''L. major''. Interaction between mincle and a protein released by the parasite results in a weakened immune response in [[dendritic cell]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iborra |first1=Salvador |last2=Martínez-López |first2=María |last3=Cueto |first3=Francisco J. |last4=Conde-Garrosa |first4=Ruth |last5=Del Fresno |first5=Carlos |last6=Izquierdo |first6=Helena M. |last7=Abram |first7=Clare L. |last8=Mori |first8=Daiki |last9=Campos-Martín |first9=Yolanda |last10=Reguera |first10=Rosa María |last11=Kemp |first11=Benjamin |last12=Yamasaki |first12=Sho |last13=Robinson |first13=Matthew J. |last14=Soto |first14=Manuel |last15=Lowell |first15=Clifford A. |date=October 2016 |title=Leishmania Uses Mincle to Target an Inhibitory ITAM Signaling Pathway in Dendritic Cells that Dampens Adaptive Immunity to Infection |journal=Immunity |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=788–801 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2016.09.012 |pmc=5074365 |pmid=27742545 |last16=Sancho |first16=David}}</ref>