Editing Lawrence, Massachusetts (section)

=====Germans=====
The first sizable German community arrived following the revolutions of 1848.<ref name="Cole"/> However, a larger German community was formed after 1871, when industrial workers from [[Saxony]] were displaced by economic competition from new industrial areas like the [[Ruhr]].<ref name="McCaffery">McCaffery, Robert Paul, "Islands of Deutschtum: German-Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870–1942". ''New German–American Studies, Vol 11''. Peter Lang, 1996.</ref> The German community was characterized by numerous school clubs, shooting clubs, national and regional clubs, as well as men's choirs and mutual aid societies,<ref name="McCaffery"/> many of which were clustered around the Turn Verein, a major social club on Park Street.<ref name="Skulski"/>  Germans had a considerable number of churches in Lawrence, including Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish (German Catholic) formed in 1887 on Lawrence Street,<ref name="ReferenceA">Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts, Tercentenary Edition, Benj. F. Arrington, Editor-in-chief, Volume II 1922 Lewis Historical Publishing Company New York</ref> as well as several Protestant churches including The German Methodist Episcopal Church, Vine Street, organized in 1878; and the German Presbyterian, East Haverhill Street, organized 1872 from which the Methodist church split in 1878.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>