Editing Landmark Worldwide (section)

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=Heelas_1991 >{{cite book |last=Heelas |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Heelas |editor1-first=S.R. |editor1-last=Sutherland |editor2-first=P.B. |editor2-last=Clarke |title=The Study of Religion: Traditional and New Religions |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location= London |isbn=0-415-06432-5 |chapter=Western Europe: Self Religions | pages=165–166, 171 }}</ref>

<ref name=Time_1998-03-16>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987975,00.html | title=The Best of Est? | last1=Faltermayer | first1=Charlotte | last2=Woodbury | first2=Richard | date=1998-03-16 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529235150/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,987975,00.html | archive-date=2007-05-29 | quote=But outreach was clearly part of the agenda. Pupils were assigned to call or write people with whom they "want to make a breakthrough," thereby introducing others to Landmark. On graduation night participants were encouraged to bring guests, who were then led away to learn more and sign on. From Day 1, attendants were told that for a limited time, the Forum's tuition included a $95 follow-up, "The Forum in Action." The crowd was also repeatedly invited to sign up for the $700 "Advanced Course." Act now and get a $100 discount. }}</ref>

<ref name=Chryssides_1999>{{cite book | last1 = Chryssides | first1 = George D. | author-link1 = George Chryssides | year = 2001 | orig-date = 1999 | chapter = The Human Potential Movement | title = Exploring New Religions | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S4_rodMYMygC | series = Issues in Contemporary Religion | location = New York | publisher = A&C Black | page = 314 | isbn = 978-0-8264-5959-6 | access-date = March 23, 2017 | quote = [...] ''est'' and Landmark [...] have addressed human problems in a radical way, setting super-empirical goals, and addressing what some may regard as a spiritual aspect of human nature (the Core Self, the Source, which is at least godlike, if not divine. ''est'' and Landmark may have some of the attributes typically associated with religion, but it is doubtful whether they should be accorded full status as religious organizations.}}</ref>

<ref name=PNT_2000-10-19>{{cite news |last1=Scioscia |first1=Amanda |date=October 19, 2000 |title=Drive-thru Deliverance |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/drive-thru-deliverance-6419949 |work=[[Phoenix New Times]] |location= Phoenix, Arizona |publisher= Phoenix New Times, LLC |access-date= December 19, 2020 |quote= [...] Landmark vigorously disputes the cult accusation and freely threatens or pursues lawsuits against those who call it one ... Landmark also boasts numerous letters from experts stating that it does not meet cult criteria. One such letter comes from Dr. Margaret Singer, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, and an expert on cults. Landmark sued Singer after she mentioned the company in her book Cults in Our Midst. Singer says she never called it a cult in her book, but simply mentioned it as a controversial New Age training course. In resolution of the suit, Singer gave a sworn statement that the organization is not a cult or sect. She says this doesn't mean she supports Landmark. "I do not endorse them -- never have," she says. Singer, who is in her 70s, says she can't comment on whether Landmark uses coercive persuasion because "the SOBs have already sued me once." "I'm afraid to tell you what I really think about them because I'm not covered by any lawyers like I was when I wrote my book." }}</ref>

<ref name=NYMag_2001-07-09>{{cite news | last = Grigoriadis | first = Vanessa | author-link1 = Vanessa Grigoriadis | title = Pay Money, Be Happy | url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/culture/features/4932/index1.html | work = [[New York (magazine)|New York]] | date = July 9, 2001 | quote=Some Landmark graduates also volunteer for the company, which has approximately 500 employees and a reported 7,500 unpaid "assistants" (though Landmark puts this number much lower) who answer phones, sign up recruits, and cater to the Forum leaders. ... Though it was rumored that Erhard sold his system for $1, it was later revealed that he received an initial payment of $3 million in addition to an eighteen-year licensing fee that was not to exceed $15 million; Erhard kept the Mexican and Japanese branches of the operation. ... Last year, Landmark had revenues of $58 million, and Rosenberg says the company has bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to Japan and Mexico. }}</ref>

<ref name=Believer_2003 >{{cite magazine | last1=Snider | first1=Suzanne | title=Est, Werner Erhard and The Corporatization of Self-Help | url=https://www.thebeliever.net/est-werner-erhard-and-the-corporatization-of-self-help/ | magazine=[[Believer Magazine]] | access-date=2023-11-01 | date=1 May 2003}}</ref>

<ref name=Puttick_2004>{{cite book |last=Puttick |first=Elizabeth |editor-first=Christopher Hugh |editor-last=Partridge |title=Encyclopedia of New Religions |year=2004 |publisher=Lion |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-7459-5073-0 |chapter=Landmark Forum (est) |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofne0000unse_d3h6 | pages=406–407}}</ref>

<ref name=Barker_2004>{{cite book  | last1 = Barker | first1 = Eileen | author-link1 = Eileen Barker | chapter = General Overview of the 'Cult Scene' in Great Britain | editor1-last = Lucas | editor1-first = Phillip Charles | editor2-last = Robbins | editor2-first = Thomas | editor2-link = Thomas Robbins (sociologist) | title = New Religious Movements in the Twenty-first Century: Legal, Political, and Social Challenges in Global Perspective | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WW-XcDe-IMEC | series = Sociology/Religious studies | year = 2004 | location = New York | publisher = Psychology Press | publication-date = 2004 | page = 28 | isbn = 978-0-415-96577-4 | access-date = 23 June 2021 | quote = Erhard Seminars Training (''est'') and other examples of the human potential movement joined indigenous new religions, such as the Emin, Exegesis, the Aetherius Society, the School of Economic Science, and the Findhorn community in the north of Scotland, and a number of small congregations within mainstream churches were labelled 'cults' as they exhibited some of the more enthusiastic characteristics of new religions and their leaders.}}</ref>

<ref name=Barker_2005>{{cite book  | last1 = Barker | first1 = Eileen | author-link1 = Eileen Barker | chapter = New Religious Movements in Europe | editor1-last = Jones | editor1-first = Lindsay | title = Encyclopedia of Religion | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ODIOAQAAMAAJ | year = 2005 | location = Detroit |publisher=MacMillan | page = 6568 | isbn = 978-0028657431 | quote = The majority of NRMs [New Religious Movements] are, however, not indigenous to Europe. Many can be traced to the United States (frequently to California), including offshoots of the Jesus Movement (such as the Children of God, later known as the Family); the Way International; International Churches of Christ; the Church Universal and Triumphant (known as Summit Lighthouse in England); and much of the human potential movement (such as est, which gave rise to the Landmark Forum, and various practices developed through the Esalen Institute). }}</ref>

<ref name=MJ_2009 >{{ cite magazine | url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/08/landmark-42-hours-500-65-breakdowns/ | title=The Landmark Forum: 42 Hours, $500, 65 Breakdowns | last=McClure | first=Laura | magazine=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] | date=August 17, 2009 | access-date=October 13, 2020 | quote= }}</ref>

<ref name=FC_2009-04-01 >{{cite magazine |last=Sacks |first=Danielle |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1208950/lululemons-cult-of-selling |magazine=[[Fast Company]] |title=Lululemon's Cult of Selling - Lululemon has created a cult following for its yoga gear. Its secret? The Secret, as well as other controversial self-help classics. |date=April 1, 2009 | quote=A cult following is the most coveted accessory in retail, and Lululemon's is even more lustworthy than its Velocity Gym Bag. It wasn't built on the work of some Jobs-ian swami, however, but on the sources of Lulu founder and chairman Chip Wilson's own spiritual awakening. Wilson has mixed a heady self-actualizing cocktail from equal parts Landmark Forum (seminars based on the philosophy of Werner Erhard), the books of motivational business guru Brian Tracy, and Oprah-endorsed best seller The Secret, by Rhonda Byrne. He is now hard at work formalizing them in a Lululemon "internal constitution." }}</ref>

<ref name=BusinessWeek_2010-11-18 >{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/10_48/b4205098143983.htm | work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |title=General Tso, Meet Steven Covey |access-date=March 14, 2011 |date=November 18, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306230429/https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/magazine/content/10_48/b4205098143983.htm |archive-date=March 6, 2016 | quote=Cherng is an avid consumer of self-improvement programs. ... He has since 2003 been a participant in Life Academy, a Taiwanese organization that follows a "life manual" dedicated to the "advancement of the human spirit." He is a devotee of Stephen Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People, Deepak Chopra's The Seven Spiritual Laws of Success, and Don Miguel Ruiz's Four Agreements. Recently, Cherng has become passionate about the Landmark Forum, a program that utilizes Werner Erhard's EST methodology, which Psychology Today described as one that, "tore you down and put you back together." }}</ref>

<ref name=NYT_2010-11-28 >{{cite news |last=Alford |first=Henry |title=You're O.K., But I'm Not. Let's Share |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/fashion/28Landmark.html |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |location=New York |date=November 26, 2010 }}</ref>

<ref name=TIME_2011-04-10 > {{ cite magazine | url=https://time.com/archive/6595354/change-we-can-almost-believe-in/ | title=Change We Can (Almost) Believe In | last=Thornburgh | first=Nathan | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=2011-04-10 | quote=By the end of the course, almost all of us felt giddy with exhaustion and catharsis, but there was a fair amount of pressure to sign up for additional instruction. If we were serious about our transformation, we were told, we would enlist friends and family and even co-workers to take the $495 Forum themselves. It had just enough of a Ponzi taste that I stepped firmly and finally back outside the Landmark circle. (A Landmark executive later told me the company is "committed" to toning down the hard sell.) }} </ref>

<ref name=Lockwood_2011 >{{cite journal
| last1                 = Lockwood
| first1                = Renee
| title                 = Religiosity Rejected: Exploring the Religio-Spiritual Dimensions of Landmark Education
| url                   = https://journal.equinoxpub.com/IJSNR/article/view/12184
| journal               = International Journal for the Study of New Religions
| publisher             = Equinox Publishing Ltd.
| publication-place     = Sheffield, England
| publication-date      = 2011
| volume                = 2
| issue                 = 2
| pages                 = 225–254
| doi                   = 10.1558/ijsnr.v2i2.225
| issn                  = 2041-9511
| access-date           = 23 June 2021
| quote                 = Incorporating several eastern spiritual practices, the highly emotional nature of the Landmark Forum's weekend training is such as to create Durkheimian notions of 'religious effervescence', altering pre-existing belief systems and producing a sense of the sacred collective. Group-specific language contributes to this, whilst simultaneously shrouding Landmark Education in mystery and esotericism. The Forum is replete with stories of miracles, healings, and salvation apposite for a modern western paradigm. Indeed, the sacred pervades the training, manifested in the form of the Self, capable of altering the very nature of the world and representing the 'ultimate concern'.
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Lockwood_2012 >{{cite journal |last=Lockwood |first=Renee D. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Pilgrimages to the Self: Exploring the Topography of Western Consumer Spirituality through 'the Journey' |journal=Literature & Aesthetics |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=108–130 |doi= |s2cid=142958283 | quote=[p111] Yet perhaps a more salient manifestation of this phenomenon exists in the form of corporate religions, groups with a specific religio-spiritual function that are established, managed, and presented as corporations. Representing the ultimate fusion of the sacred and the economic, corporate religion may be interpreted as the latest manifestation of the Human Potential Movement, with groups and practitioners such as Anthony Robbins, Deepak Chopra, and Landmark Education.  Within corporate spirituality, the late-modern concept of the internalised sacred is paramount, with the "Self" offering epoch-specific modes of salvation in the form of seminars and spiritual products. The philosophy and praxes of corporate religions are predominantly bound by the ethics of market capitalism and the values of Western consumer culture. To this end, they are often tailored towards improving productivity amongst individuals and employees, and are subsequently marketed not only to individuals, but also to companies and government agencies. [p125] For religio-spiritual corporations such as Landmark Education, all previous ideas and beliefs must be dissolved and washed away in order to create 'nothing,' a clean slate from which truth may arise. }}</ref>

<ref name=CBC_2014-10-15 >{{cite news |last1=Rusnell |first1=Charles |last2=Russell |first2=Jennie |date=October 17, 2014 |title=Alberta Health Services staff pressured to attend controversial seminars - Government continued to use Landmark Education despite employee complaints |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-health-services-staff-pressured-to-attend-controversial-seminars-1.2798835 |newspaper=[[CBC.ca]] |location=Ottawa, Ontario | quote="They are manipulative, they are controlling, they involve coercive persuasion," said Steve Kent, a University of Alberta sociology professor. Kent is an internationally recognized expert in deviant ideological and religious groups who has studied Landmark and similar organizations for decades. }} </ref>

<ref name=SMH_2016-02-03>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/chip-wilson-tries-to-reinvent-himself-after-his-lululemon-turmoil-20160203-gmk4h3.html|title=Chip Wilson tries to reinvent himself after his Lululemon turmoil|last=Rosman|first=Katherine|date=February 2, 2016|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en| quote=Punctuality is a central focus of Wilson's. It is also a key principle espoused by the Landmark Forum, a leadership development program based on Werner Erhard's EST curriculum. When Wilson was running Lululemon, the company paid for employees to attend Landmark seminars; Kit and Ace employees enjoy the same benefit. One of the main lessons of Landmark is that punctuality is a strong indicator of personal integrity. }}</ref>

<ref name=Spears_2017-03-30>{{cite news |title= How an American motivational guru is inspiring British businesses |work=[[Spear's magazine]] |first= Caroline |last= Phillips | date= March 1, 2017 | access-date= June 6, 2018 | url = https://spearswms.com/american-motivational-guru-inspiring-british-businesses/ | quote=And yet others who claim that it’s a cult, brainwashing, and evangelical — about which more later. ... And now to that important question: is it a cult, brainwashing and evangelical? Cross out the first two; tick the third (but not in a literal, bible-bashing way — it’s just that there’s a lot of American hard sell). The party line is that evangelism is not a corporate approach: they attribute it to the individuals’ passion. But I don’t buy that. Whipping up the fervour and lurve is how they put bums on seats. }}</ref>

<ref name=CSIndy_2019-07-24>{{cite news | url = https://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/landmark-worldwide-the-arts-community-and-the-big-bizarre-business-of-personal-development/Content?oid=20065897 | title = Landmark Worldwide, the arts community and the big, bizarre business of personal development  | newspaper =[[Colorado Springs Independent]] | access-date = July 8, 2020 | date=July 24, 2019 | first = Heidi | last = Beedle | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724095838/https://www.csindy.com/coloradosprings/landmark-worldwide-the-arts-community-and-the-big-bizarre-business-of-personal-development/content/?oid=20065897 | archive-date=2019-07-24 | quote=}}</ref>

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