Editing Khat (section)

==Legal status==
In 1965, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs' ''Fourteenth Report'' noted, "The Committee was pleased to note the resolution of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] with respect to khat, confirming the view that the abuse of this substance is a regional problem and may best be controlled at that level."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1965-01-01_4_page007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030830160515/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1965-01-01_4_page007.html |archive-date=30 August 2003 |title=World Health Organization Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs: Fourteenth Report |publisher=United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime}}</ref> For this reason, khat was not scheduled under the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]]. In 1980, the WHO classified the plant as a [[drug of abuse]] that can produce mild to moderate [[Substance dependence|psychological dependence]] (less than tobacco or alcohol),<ref name="King" /> although the WHO does not consider khat to be seriously addictive.<ref name="Kciy" /> It is a controlled or illegal substance in some countries, but is legal for sale and production in others.<ref>''see'' Law Library of Congress (May 2015) [https://www.loc.gov/law/help/legal-status-of-khat/legal-status-khat.pdf ''Legal status of khat in selected jurisdictions'']</ref>

===Africa===

==== Morocco ====
Khat is illegal in Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khat {{!}} Office of Justice Programs |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/khat |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.ojp.gov}}</ref>

====Ethiopia====
[[File:At The Chat Market (Detail) (2782041206).jpg|thumb|Khat market in Ethiopia]]
Khat is legal in Ethiopia.<ref name="Hafmc" />

====Somalia====
Khat is legal in Somalia.<ref name="Hafmc" />

====Djibouti====
Khat is legal in Djibouti.<ref name="Cotwatlyt">Thomson Gale (Firm), ''Countries of the World and Their Leaders Yearbook 2007'', Volume 1, (Thomson Gale: 2006), p. 545.</ref>

====Kenya====
Khat is legal in Kenya. However, two of its active components, cathinone and cathine, are classed as Class C substances.<ref name="SAPTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sapta.or.ke/alcohodrug-information |title=SAPTA – Khat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093414/http://www.sapta.or.ke/alcohodrug-information |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

====South Africa====
In South Africa, ''Catha edulis'' is a protected tree.<ref name="dwaf" />

The use of khat is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/UD-News/what-is-khat-20160127|title=What is khat?|date=28 January 2016|access-date=29 December 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085514/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/UD-News/what-is-khat-20160127|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Uganda====
Khat is illegal in Uganda as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-08 |title=Museveni Signs Law Banning Khat in Uganda |url=https://taarifa.rw/museveni-signs-law-banning-khat-in-uganda/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Taarifa Rwanda |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Asia===
====Bangladesh====
Khat is illegal in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/crime/2018/09/24/who-runs-the-khat-smuggling-ring-in-bangladesh|title=Who runs the khat smuggling ring in Bangladesh? |website= Dhaka Tribune|date=16 July 2019}}</ref>

====China====
Khat is illegal in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://in.chineseembassy.org/eng/gdxw/t1152267.htm|title=Visitors Please Do Not Carry Khat into China|date=4 May 2014}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
Khat is regarded as a dangerous drug in [[Hong Kong]]. Traffickers can face a penalty up to HK$5 million as well as life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201711/30/P2017113000517.htm|title=Hong Kong Customs seizes suspected ketamine and khat leaves (with photo)|website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref>

====Taiwan====
In Taiwan, khat is illegal. It is classified as a narcotic drug.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dph.tycg.gov.tw/nodrugs/home.jsp?id=28&parentpath=0,26&mcustomize=onemessages_view.jsp&dataserno=201903060001&aplistdn=ou=data,ou=Ondrugs,ou=nodrugs,ou=topicwebsite,ou=ap_root,o=tycg,c=tw&toolsflag=Y | title=桃園市政府毒品危害防制中心 | date=25 July 2016 | access-date=24 August 2022 | archive-date=24 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824234823/https://dph.tycg.gov.tw/nodrugs/home.jsp?id=28&parentpath=0,26&mcustomize=onemessages_view.jsp&dataserno=201903060001&aplistdn=ou=data,ou=Ondrugs,ou=nodrugs,ou=topicwebsite,ou=ap_root,o=tycg,c=tw&toolsflag=Y | url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Israel====
Khat, called "Gat" in Israel, is consumed mainly by [[Yemenite Jews]] and [[Beta Israel]]. The activity of chewing its leaves is called "lekhazen" ({{langx|he|לכזן}}). The process of chewing the Gat can take up to several hours. Some chew the Gat in a gathering which is called "takhazina" ({{langx|he|תכזינה}}). The Gat is grown traditionally in private gardens, but it may be found in some markets.

Gat is legal in Israel as long as it is consumed in its natural form, but the distillation of its components is illegal. Some use the plant as a hedge since it is an evergreen.

In 2003, Hagigat, a pill based on extracted [[cathinone]], began to be sold in kiosks in Israel.<ref>{{cite news|last=Urquhart |first=Conal |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/04/israel |title=Drugs and dance as Israelis blot out intifada |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 September 2004}}</ref> Following several cases of hospitalisation, the [[Israeli Ministry of Health]] classified cathinone as a dangerous drug, and ''Hagigat'' was outlawed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bentur | first1 = Y. | last2 = Bloom-Krasik | first2 = A. | last3 = Raikhlin-Eisenkraft | first3 = B. | title = Illicit cathinone ("Hagigat") poisoning | journal = Clinical Toxicology | volume = 46 | issue = 3 | pages = 206–10 | year = 2008 | pmid = 17852166 | doi = 10.1080/15563650701517574 | s2cid = 23603259 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Doward |first1=Jamie |last2=Shah |first2=Oliver |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/apr/26/drugs-legal-substances-highs |title=There are many drugs that help people get out of their minds yet stay within the law – they're called 'legal highs' |work=The Guardian |publisher=The Observer |date=26 April 2009}}</ref> The plant itself is allowed to be chewed and sold in its natural state, as no harm was found in normal quantities.

As of June 2012, the Israeli anti-drug authority announced that beverages containing Khat are considered illegal as per the dangerous drug ordinance of the state of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/391/570.html |title=חדשות - בארץ NRG - הסוף למיץ גת: המשקה הפופולרי לא חוקי |access-date=2015-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920062946/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/391/570.html |archive-date=20 September 2015 }} nrg</ref>

====Indonesia====
Khat is illegal in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bnn.go.id/_multimedia/document/20171017/uu352009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115194856/http://bnn.go.id/_multimedia/document/20171017/uu352009.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 November 2017 |website=BNN Indonesia |title=Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika (Laws of the Republic Indonesia Number 35 Year 2009 About Narcotics) |language=id |date=27 October 2009 }}</ref>

====Saudi Arabia====
Khat is illegal in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Ekce">{{cite web |title=Khat (catha edulis) |url=http://ekhat.org/all-you-want-to-know-about-what-is-khat-plant-qat-catha-edulis |publisher=Ekhat |access-date=29 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521013624/http://ekhat.org/all-you-want-to-know-about-what-is-khat-plant-qat-catha-edulis |archive-date=21 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==== Singapore ====
Khat is prohibited in [[Singapore]] by the [[Central Narcotics Bureau]] (CNB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plants that Contain Controlled Drugs |url=https://www.cnb.gov.sg/drug-information/plants-that-contain-controlled-drugs |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.cnb.gov.sg}}</ref>

====United Arab Emirates====
Khat is illegal in the [[United Arab Emirates]] under federal law number 14 of 1995 on the Countermeasures against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Schedule No. 4, Part 2(5), provides for the prohibition of the cultivation and possession of khat.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ministry of the Interior|first1=Department of Drug Control|title=Federal Law No. 14 of 1995 on the Countermeasures against Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances|url=https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/are/federal-law-no-14-of-1995_html/UAE-fedlaw_14-95.pdf|website=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|publisher=The State of the United Arab Emirates|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201182309/https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/are/federal-law-no-14-of-1995_html/UAE-fedlaw_14-95.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The possession and selling of khat may lead to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al Jandaly|first1=Bassma|title=65-year-old Emirati serving life for using qat|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/crime/65-year-old-emirati-serving-life-for-using-qat-1.653906|website=Gulf News|date=14 July 2010 |access-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

==== Vietnam ====
Khat is classified as a narcotic drug in Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=25 Aug 2022 |title=Nghị định số 57/2022/NĐ-CP của Chính phủ: Quy định các danh mục chất ma túy và tiền chất |trans-title=Government Decree No. 57/2022/NĐ-CP on the Lists of narcotics and precursors |url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/08/57-cp.signed.pdf |language=vi}}</ref> The illegal cultivation, possession and distribution of khat are criminally prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=27 Nov 2015 |title=Luật số 100/2015/QH13 của Quốc hội: Bộ Luật Hình sự |trans-title=National Assembly Statute No. 100/2015/QH13: the Criminal Code |url=https://vanban.chinhphu.vn/?pageid=27160&docid=183216 |language=vi}}</ref> The use of khat may lead to mandatory rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=30 Mar 2021 |title=Luật số 73/2021/QH14 của Quốc hội: Luật Phòng, chống ma túy |trans-title=National Assembly Statute No. 73/2021/QH14: the Law on the prevention of narcotics |url=https://datafiles.chinhphu.vn/cpp/files/vbpq/2022/01/73luat.pdf |language=vi}}</ref>

====Yemen====
{{See also|Culture of Yemen}}
Khat is legal in Yemen.<ref name="Hafmc" /> However, cultivation of the crop and the selling of its leaves are governed by a series of regulations. In 2007, the Yemeni government passed a law that restricted the cultivation of khat in a number of agricultural flatlands and basins with high water stress. The Law Concerning the General Sales Tax in 2005 also set the tax rate on khat at 20% of its [[Suggested retail price|retail price]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gatter |first=Peer |year=2012 |title=Politics of Qat – The Role of a Drug in Ruling Yemen |publisher=Ludwig Reichert Verlag|location=Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-89500-910-5 |pages=260, 335–36}}</ref>

The widespread cultivation of khat in Yemen has exacerbated a [[Water supply and sanitation in Yemen#Water resources|severe water shortage]]. Khat is much more water-intensive to grow than other crops.<ref>{{cite news|last=Heffez |first=Adam |title=How Yemen Chewed Itself Dry |newspaper=Foreign Affairs |date=23 July 2013 |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139596/adam-heffez/how-yemen-chewed-itself-dry |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> It has also played a major role in [[Famine in Yemen (2016-Present)|a famine]] in the country.<ref name="ec" />

===Europe===
====Belgium====
Khat has been illegal in Belgium since 2006.<ref name="Druglijn.be">{{cite web|url=https://www.druglijn.be/drugs-abc/speed/veelgestelde-vragen/wat-is-khat |title=Druglijn – Wat is khat? Veelgestelde vragen|access-date=13 April 2017}}</ref>

====Denmark====
Khat has been illegal in [[Denmark]] since 1993.<ref name="HomeOffice">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116260/occ95.pdf |title=Khat:Social harms and legislation |access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Danish Health Authority]] investigated khat use among [[Somalis in Denmark]]. A questionnaire with 848 respondents was used. The responses indicated that 48% of Somali males and 16% of females used the narcotic on a monthly basis and that 29% of males and 6% of females used it two times or more a week.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.sst.dk/da/udgivelser/2009/~/media/06B82985E17B41C4B8605D870153F8FC.ashx|title=Brug af khat blandt dansk-somaliere – undersøgelse af omfang og holdninger|publisher=[[Danish Health Authority]]|year=2009|pages=1–3, 6|url-status=dead|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704010547/https://www.sst.dk/da/udgivelser/2009/~/media/06B82985E17B41C4B8605D870153F8FC.ashx}}</ref> Half the respondents had never used khat.<ref name=":1" /> The responses indicated that Somalis constituted the great majority of users in Denmark.<ref name=":1" />

The report also investigated attitudes towards khat use among Somalis in Denmark. In total, two out of three respondents stated that khat is a problem for [[social integration]] into Danish society, while one in three users stated the same.<ref name=":1" /> Responses indicated that two out of three considered khat to be part of Somali culture, although two in three also stated that they agree that khat should be banned in Denmark.<ref name=":1" />

====Finland====
Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Finland,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hs.fi/english/article/Khat+use+on+the+increase+in+Finland/1135233645151 |title=Khat use on the increase in Finland |newspaper=Helsingin Sanomat |access-date=23 May 2011 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020237/https://www.hs.fi/english/article/Khat+use+on+the+increase+in+Finland/1135233645151%20/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and possession, use and sale of the substance is prohibited and punishable. As with all illegal drugs, operating a motor vehicle with detectable levels of Khat or its metabolites in one's system can also lead to a conviction for [[driving under the influence]], even if the driver does not appear intoxicated.

====France====
Khat is prohibited in France as a stimulant since 1957.<ref name="drugs"/>

====Germany====
In Germany, cathinone is listed as a "non-trafficable substance", which makes the possession, sale and purchase of fresh khat illegal. The derivative cathine, with "norpseudoephedrine" listed as an alternate name, is only available on prescription.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln (Betäubungsmittelgesetz - BtMG) |trans-title=Law on trafficking in narcotics|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/BtMG.pdf |access-date=24 October 2021 |language=German}}</ref>

In 2017, 5815&nbsp;kg of khat was discovered by customs officials in Frankfurt. In June 2018, 324&nbsp;kg of khat was discovered in packages from East Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presseportal.de/blaulicht/pm/121246/4013294|title=HZA-F: 324 Kilo Khat vom Zoll am Flughafen Frankfurt am Main sichergestellt |trans-title=Frankfurt Customs Office: 324 kilos of khat secured by Customs at Frankfurt am Main |website=presseportal.de|language=de|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref>

====Iceland====
In August 2010 the Icelandic police intercepted khat smuggling for the first time. 37&nbsp;kg were confiscated. The drugs were most likely intended for sale in Canada.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mbl.is/mm/frettir/innlent/2010/08/18/hald_lagt_a_fikniefnid_khat_i_fyrsta_sinn/ |title=Hald lagt á fíkniefnið Khat í fyrsta sinn |date=2010-08-19 |language=is}}</ref> Again in May 2011 the police intercepted around 60&nbsp;kg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2011/05/18/60_kilo_af_fikniefnum/ |title=60 kíló af fíkniefnum |date=2011-05-18 |language=is}}</ref>

====Ireland====
Khat is a controlled drug for the purpose of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1977 and Schedule 1 of the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 1988. As such its possession and supply is prohibited.

====Italy====
Khat is inserted in the Table I of the Italian official list of psychoactive drugs under the name "Catha edulis pianta" (English: "Catha edulis plant") and thus possession is forbidden.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6.jsp?id=3729&area=sostanzeStupefacenti&menu=vuoto | title=Tabelle delle sostanze stupefacenti e psicotrope | access-date=13 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020222959/http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/temi/p2_6.jsp?id=3729&area=sostanzeStupefacenti&menu=vuoto | archive-date=20 October 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Netherlands====
In the Netherlands, the active ingredients of khat, [[cathine]] and [[cathinone]], are qualified as hard drugs and forbidden. Use is mostly limited to the Somali community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infopolitie.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1331:khat&catid=183:middelen&Itemid=46 |title=khat |publisher=Infopolitie.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref> In 2008 [[Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (Netherlands)|health minister]] [[Ab Klink]] decided against qualifying the unprocessed plant as drugs after consultation with experts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.depers.nl/binnenland/163037/Qat-niet-verboden.html |title=Qat niet verboden |publisher=DePers.nl |language=nl |access-date=2 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719073529/http://www.depers.nl/binnenland/163037/Qat-niet-verboden.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> However, on 9 January 2012 the Dutch government announced a ban on khat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/politiek/2711346/kabinet-verbiedt-qat.html |publisher=Nu.nl |title=Kabinet verbiedt qat |date=10 January 2012 |language=nl |access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

====Norway====
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In Norway, khat is classified as a [[narcotic]] drug and is illegal to use, sell and possess. Most users are Somali immigrants and khat is smuggled from [[#Netherlands|the Netherlands]] and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nova.no/index.gan?objid=11648&subid=0&language=1 |title=NOVA paper 1/06 |date=16 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218064926/http://www.nova.no/index.gan?objid=11648&subid=0&language=1 |archive-date=18 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Norwegian Customs seized 10 metric tons of khat in 2010, an increase from less than 4 in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toll.no/templates_TAD/Topic.aspx?id=218995 |title=Official statistics from the Norwegian Customs and Excise Authorities |language=no |date=1 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719233406/http://www.toll.no/templates_TAD/Topic.aspx?id=218995 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2016, Oslo municipality estimated 50–70% of [[Somalis in Norway|Somali immigrant]] males to be habitual users.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/x8XOX/Annenhver-somalier-tygger-khat|title=Annenhver somalier tygger khat|work=Aftenposten|access-date=2017-12-03|language=nb-NO}}</ref>

====Poland====
In Poland, khat is a classified narcotic drug, and is illegal to use, sell and possess.<ref name="dzust">{{cite web|url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=open&id=WDU20090630520 |title=Dz.U. 2009 nr 63 poz. 520 }} {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

====Slovenia====
Khat is classified as an illegal drug in Slovenia.<ref name="silaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=URED6743|title=Uredba o razvrstitvi prepovedanih drog (Uradni list RS, št. 45/14, 22/16, 14/17 in 4/19)|language=sl}}</ref>

====Sweden====
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|caption=Khat (in kg) confiscated by the [[Swedish Customs Service]] and [[Swedish Police Authority|Swedish Police]] from 2000 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://tullverket.se/download/18.792224361590183a4d33ffa/1484816923713/Drogsituationsrapporten_2013-2016_webb.pdf|title=Drogsituationen Lägesbild i Sverige 2013–2016 / Dnr ANA 2016- 271|publisher=Polismyndigheten / Nationella operativa avdelningen|year=2016|pages=44}}</ref>
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The drug was prohibited in Sweden in 1989, without research.<ref name="HomeOffice"/> In 2007, it was estimated that 30% of [[Somalis in Sweden|Somali males in Sweden]] were using khat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/116260/occ95.pdf|title=Khat: Social harms and legislation A literature review|last=David M. Anderson and Neil C. M. Carrier, University of Oxford|date=July 2011|website=gov.uk|publisher=United Kingdom [[Home Office]]|access-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> Smuggling seizures by police amounted to about 9 tonnes annually.<ref name=":0" />

====Switzerland====
In Switzerland, khat is illegal. It is classified as a narcotic drug.<ref name="chlaw">{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/classified-compilation/19981989/index.html|title=Loi fédérale sur les stupéfiants et les substances psychotropes|language=fr}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====
Khat was made illegal in the UK on 24 June 2014.<ref name="legislation">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1376/introduction/made|title=The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Concerns had been expressed by commentators, health professionals and community members about the use of khat in the UK, particularly by immigrants from [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]] and [[Ethiopia]].<ref name="Klein">{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://www.radcliffe-oxford.com/books/samplechapter/0932/Chapt5-25459c40rdz.pdf |chapter=Khat and the creation of tradition in the Somali diaspora |first=Axel |last=Klein |pages=51–61 |title=Drugs in Society: European Perspectives |editor1-last=Fountain |editor1-first=Jane |editor2-last=Korf |editor2-first=Dirk J. |year=2007 |location=Oxford |publisher=Radcliffe Publishing |isbn=978-1-84619-093-3 |access-date=21 August 2010 |archive-date=23 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723214932/http://www.radcliffe-oxford.com/books/samplechapter/0932/Chapt5-25459c40rdz.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Warfa">{{Cite journal|title=Khat use and mental illness: A critical review |first1=N. |last1=Warfa |first2=A. |last2=Klein |first3=K. |last3=Bhui |first4=G. |last4=Leavey |first5=T. |last5=Craig |first6=S. |last6=Alfred Stansfeld |journal=Social Science & Medicine |year=2007 |volume=65 |issue=2 |pmid=17544193 |pages=309–18 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.04.038}}</ref> Studies of the effects of khat use by immigrants on their mental health suggested that there was a need for better research on khat-chewing and its possible link with psychiatric disorders; it also suggested that public discourse on the issue displayed elements of a [[moral panic]].<ref name=Warfa /> Some Somali community organisations also campaigned for khat to be banned.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2009/0508/p06s04-woeu.html|title=More Somali migrants say Britain should ban khat|first=Aidan|last=Jones|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|date=8 May 2009|access-date=7 August 2010}}</ref> As a result of these concerns, the [[Home Office]] commissioned successive research studies to look into the matter, and in 2005, presented the question of khat's legal status before the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. The study concluded that most of the participants who were using khat were using it moderately in terms of both the quantity used and the frequency and duration of chewing sessions, and that khat use was typically a social activity. Only a small minority of the study participants' khat use was judged to be excessive.<ref name="Home Office khat study">{{Cite web|url=http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr4705.pdf|title=Khat use among Somalis in four English cities|first1=Shilpa L.|last1=Patel|first2=Sam|last2=Wright|first3=Alex|last3=Gammampila|publisher=[[Home Office]]|work=Online Report 47/05|year=2005|access-date=7 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705045707/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr4705.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After a careful review of the evidence, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs recommended in January 2006 that the status of khat as a legal substance should remain for the time being.<ref name=Klein/>

In 2008, [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] politician [[Sayeeda Warsi]] stated that a future Conservative government would ban khat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/15/drugspolicy.somalia |title=Conservatives will ban khat |first=Sayeeda |last=Warsi |work=Comment is free |publisher=The Guardian |date=15 June 2008 |access-date=21 August 2010 |location=London}}</ref> The website of the Conservative Party, which in 2010 became the larger party in a [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|UK coalition government]], previously stated that a Conservative government would "Tackle unacceptable cultural practices by", amongst other measures, "classifying Khat".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conservatives.com/Policy/Where_we_stand/Community_Relations.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429143306/http://www.conservatives.com/Policy/Where_we_stand/Community_Relations.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2010 |title=Where we stand: Community relations |publisher=Conservative Party |website=Conservatives.com |access-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> In 2009, the Home Office commissioned two new studies in the effects of khat use and in June 2010, a Home Office spokesperson stated: "The Government is committed to addressing any form of substance misuse and will keep the issue of khat use under close scrutiny".<ref name="Sky">{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/The-Legal-Drug-Khat-Is-Causing-Social-Problems-Among-The-East-African-Community-In-The-UK/Article/201006315650862?lpos=UK_News_Top_Stories_Header_2&lid=ARTICLE_15650862_The_Legal_Drug_Khat_Is_Causing_Social_Problems_Among_The_East_African_Community_In_The_UK |title=Call for new controls on legal drug khat |newspaper=Sky News |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603192103/http://news.sky.com/story/786736/call-for-new-controls-on-legal-drug-khat |archive-date= 2014-06-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During a parliamentary debate on the legality issue on 11 January 2012, [[Mark Lancaster, Baron Lancaster of Kimbolton|Mark Lancaster]], the Conservative Member of Parliament for Milton Keynes, stated that the importation of Khat into the UK stands at 10 tonnes every week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120111/debtext/120111-0004.htm#12011187000608 |title=Hansard 11 Jan 2012 |publisher=Hansard |date=11 January 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022020214/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201212/cmhansrd/cm120111/debtext/120111-0004.htm#12011187000608 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 23 January 2013, the [[Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs]] (ACMD) said there was "insufficient evidence" that khat caused health problems. The ACMD said there was "no evidence" khat was directly linked with serious or organised crime, and was chewed to obtain a "mild stimulant effect much less potent than stimulant drugs, such as amphetamine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/144120/report-2013.pdf |title=Khat: A review of its potential harms to the individual and communities in the UK |publisher=Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs |date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

On 3 July 2013, the [[British Home Secretary]] [[Theresa May]] announced that khat was to be banned in Britain, designating it a Class C substance under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/khat |title=Written statement to Parliament: Khat |publisher=HM Government |date=3 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23163017 |title=Herbal stimulant khat to be banned |newspaper=BBC News |date=3 July 2013}}</ref>

Alex Miller, a journalist from the Montreal, Canada-based magazine and television channel [[Vice (magazine)|Vice]], looked into the use of the substance and the potential impact of the ban for BBC nightly current affairs programme Newsnight<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25854577 |title=Khat: What impact will UK herb stimulant ban have? |work=BBC News |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref> and for a Vice documentary.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JntqpqDTvjs | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JntqpqDTvjs| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title= Khat Power: The Latest War On Drugs | date=24 January 2014|via=Youtube.com |access-date=24 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Kenyan MPs appealed to the UK not to "condemn people" by banning the herbal stimulant khat<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25120302|title=Kenya appeals to UK not to ban khat|publisher=bbc.co.uk|access-date=3 April 2014|work=BBC News|date=27 November 2013}}</ref>

In March 2014, the United Kingdom House of Commons' Home Affairs Select Committee announced that it would continue to lobby for the UK government not to go through with its intended ban on khat. The committee had shortly before also completed an inquiry and a report recommending that the British authorities refrain from banning the plant.<ref name="Sultpflbomr">{{cite news|title=UK legislators to press for lifting ban on Miraa Read|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thecounties/article/2000106268/uk-legislators-to-press-for-lifting-ban-on-miraa|access-date=17 March 2014|newspaper=Standard Digital|date=7 March 2014}}</ref>

On 12 May 2014, the House of Lords passed a Motion to Approve the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Designation)(Amendment) (No. 2)(England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1376/contents/made|title=The Misuse of Drugs (Designation) (Amendment) (No. 2) (England, Wales and Scotland) Order 2014|work=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref> in order to control ''Catha edulis'' as a Class C drug. An amendment was proposed stating that, "this House regrets that Her Majesty's Government's plans for the introduction of the Order do not include provisions for a 12-month review of the impact of the reclassification of khat in view of the highly unusual community focus of its use, for putting a detailed policing strategy in place before a ban takes effect, or for a health strategy to prevent a transfer of addiction to other substances; and do not commit the Department for International Development to do more work with the government of Kenya to alleviate the effect of the reclassification on the Kenyan economy." However, the amendment was defeated by vote.<ref name="theyworkforyou">{{cite web|url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2014-05-12a.1701.3|title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014 – Motion to Approve: 12 May 2014: House of Lords debates |publisher=theyworkforyou.com|access-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> The prohibition came into effect on 24 June 2014.<ref name=Cdkwbatsk>{{cite news|title=Denied: Kenya won't be allowed to sell khat in the UK|url=http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/No-Miraa-Sale/-/1840340/2347566/-/3spgkvz/-/index.html|access-date=21 June 2014|agency=The Citizen|date=13 June 2014|archive-date=15 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615053901/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/No-Miraa-Sale/-/1840340/2347566/-/3spgkvz/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2015, the ''[[Bristol Post]]'' reported that most khat houses in the city had closed down, "forcing users to take the drug in their homes instead". The local police had initially not sought to enforce the ban, giving users a grace period, but according to the ''Bristol Post'' had recently started to take action against khat use and had issued three warnings and a [[Police caution|caution]]. Additionally, in September 2014 the police had seized 24 bags of dried khat from a property in [[Easton, Bristol|Easton]], but no arrests were made. Additionally, the Somali Resource Centre indicated that the ban seemed to have been effective, and that the prohibition had all but destroyed the import market since the plant has to be fresh in order to be consumed.<ref name="Kibbdsh">{{cite news|title=Khat in Bristol: Banned drug's still here – it's just moved underground|url=http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Khat-Bristol-Banned-drug-s-ndash-s-just-moved/story-25815789-detail/story.html|access-date=20 February 2015|work=Bristol Post|date=10 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220230137/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Khat-Bristol-Banned-drug-s-ndash-s-just-moved/story-25815789-detail/story.html|archive-date=20 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A consultation with Somalis in [[Glasgow]] undertaken by the national voluntary organisation Fast Forward at the request of the Somali Association in Glasgow in October 2014 suggested that khat continues to be used in both fresh and dried forms by some Somalis in the city, and that the ban has also led some users to seek out other substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastforward.org.uk/documents/Somali%20Community%20Consultation%20Report.pdf|title=Consultation on khat use within Glasgow's Somali community|publisher=Fast Forward|date=19 January 2015|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624155833/http://www.fastforward.org.uk/documents/Somali%20Community%20Consultation%20Report.pdf|archive-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The ban has reportedly served to increase the price of khat in the UK. [[Channel 4 News]] reported in September 2014 that before the ban, 20 tonnes of khat arrived at [[Heathrow Airport]] daily, and it would sell for £3 per bundle. After the ban, it was reportedly selling at £30 per bundle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/khat-amphetamine-east-africa-outlawed-illegal-drug-video|title=Joining the police crack-down on banned drug khat|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=27 September 2014|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>

===North America===
====Canada====
In Canada, khat is a controlled substance under Schedule IV of the [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]] (CDSA), meaning it is illegal to seek or obtain unless approved by a [[medical practitioner]]. Possession of khat for personal use is not an arraignable offence in Canada. The maximum punishment for trafficking or possession with the intent of trafficking is ten years in prison.<ref name="justice">{{cite web|url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-38.8/bo-ga:s_1::bo-ga:s_2?page=2 |title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act |publisher=Laws.justice.gc.ca |date=29 March 2010 |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605063752/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-38.8/bo-ga%3As_1%3A%3Abo-ga%3As_2?page=2 |archive-date= 5 June 2011 }}</ref>

In 2008, Canadian authorities reported that khat is the most common illegal drug being smuggled at airports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1216/p06s01-wogn.html |title=Gangs infiltrate Canada's airports |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor |date=16 December 2008 |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>

However, in 2012 the [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld a 2011 absolute discharge of a young woman who brought 34 kilograms of khat into Canada in 2009. According to the defence, the ruling recognises that there is no empirical evidence that khat is harmful.<ref>{{cite news|last=Powell |first=Betsy |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2012/04/20/woman_who_brought_khat_to_canada_wins_appeal.html |title=Woman who brought khat to Canada wins appeal |newspaper=The Star |date=20 April 2012 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109034700/http://www.thestar.com/news/crime/2012/04/20/woman_who_brought_khat_to_canada_wins_appeal.html |archive-date=9 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><!--former URL:url=https://www.thestar.com/news/crime/article/1165236--woman-who-brought-khat-to-canada-wins-appeal--> The courts in Quebec and Ontario continued to discharge the accused for bringing khat into Canada for the same reason (no evidence of harmfulness of khat) in 2014<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[CanLII]]|url=https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qccq/doc/2014/2014qccq671/2014qccq671.html|title=R. c. Ali, 2014 QCCQ 671|date=2014-12-10|language=en}}</ref> and 2016.<ref>{{cite CanLII|litigants= R. v. Soufi and Mohamed|link = |year = 2016 |court = oncj|num = 643 |date = 2016-10-13|courtname = auto }}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Deakhat.jpg|thumb|right|Bundles of khat, seized by the [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] in July 2006]]
In the United States, cathinone is a Schedule I drug, according to the US [[Controlled Substances Act]]. The 1993 [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] rule placing cathinone in Schedule I noted that it was effectively also banning khat:

{{Blockquote|Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of the plant ''Catha edulis'' (khat). The young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. Enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material that contains cathinone into Schedule I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/khat/khat_law1.shtml |title=Erowid Khat Vault : Law : Federal Register vol 58, no 9 |publisher=Erowid.org |access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>}}

''Catha edulis'' (khat) is a stimulant similar to that of amphetamine and its [[Congener (chemistry)|congeners]], not a drug as categorised by US FDA (United States Food & Drug Administration) and FDA import Alert #66-23 (published date 03/18/2011) states that "Districts may detain, without physical examination, all entries of khat",<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_180.html |title=Import Alert 66-23 |publisher=Food and Drug Administration |date=2011-03-18 |access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> based on section 801(a) (3) of the [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act]] on the grounds that "its labeling fails to bear adequate directions for use."

As federal and local khat raids have often targeted immigrants from countries where khat is legal, issues of cultural misunderstanding have sometimes been raised.<ref>Verhovek, Sam Howe (2006). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-22-na-khat22-story.html ''DEA's Khat Sting Stirs Up Somali "Cultural Clash"'']. Los Angeles Times. 22 August 2006.</ref>

The plant itself is specifically banned in Missouri:
{{Blockquote|Khat, to include all parts of the plant presently classified botanically as catha edulis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; any extract from any part of such plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant, its seed or extracts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/19500000172.html |title=Section 195-017 Substances, how placed in schedules-li |publisher=Moga.mo.gov |date=28 August 2009 |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507164615/http://www.moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/19500000172.html |archive-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}

In California, both the plant itself as well as cathinone, its active component, are illegal.<ref name="Group2016">{{cite book|author=LawTech Publishing Group|title=2016 California Penal Code Unabridged|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIOSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3940|year=2016|publisher=LawTech Publishing Group|location=San Clemente|isbn=978-1-889315-22-5|pages=3940–}}</ref>

===Oceania===
====Australia====
In Australia, the importation of khat is controlled under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956. It is illegal to import khat into Australia for personal use. Khat can be imported only for medical or scientific use.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|reg|cir1956432|Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956}} Reuglation 5 and Schedule 4.</ref>

Importing khat without a permit is subject to fines or prosecution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/khat/|title= Drug Facts – Khat|work=ADF – Alcohol & Drug Foundation|access-date=2017-10-03|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003, the total number of khat annual permits was 294 and the total number of individual khat permits was 202 however as of 1 December 2013, permits for the use of khat by individuals for recreational/cultural purposes are no longer issued. There are currently no plans by the Australian Government to amend the regulations to allow the importation of khat for personal use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odc.gov.au/import-restrictions-kava-and-khat|title=Import restrictions: Kava and Khat {{!}} Office of Drug Control|website=www.odc.gov.au|access-date=2017-10-03|date=7 December 2016|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309131233/https://www.odc.gov.au/import-restrictions-kava-and-khat|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Khat is listed as a Schedule 2 dangerous drug in Queensland, in the same category as cannabis.<ref>{{cite Legislation AU|Qld|reg|dmr1987256/sch2.html|Drugs misuse Regulation 1987}} Schedule 2.</ref> In the states of Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania, khat does not appear to be regulated through criminal legislation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Douglas |first=Heather |last2=Pedder |first2=Merali |date=2010 |title=Legal regulation of the drug khat in Australia |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21355431 |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=284–301 |issn=1320-159X |pmid=21355431}}</ref>

The importation of Khat (''Catha edulis'') material (includes material that is fresh, dried, powdered, capsules or tablets) is prohibited under the Customs (Prohibited Import) Regulations 1956 unless the person importing the material is the holder of both a license to import and a permit to import granted by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA).
[https://bicon.agriculture.gov.au/BiconWeb4.0/ImportConditions/Conditions/CasePathwaySection?EvaluatableElementId=140098&Path=UNDEFINED&UserContext=External&EvaluationStateId=0252ce0d-49af-413d-9e55-7654399c9d44&caseElementPk=486771&PathwayPk=4 Biosecurity Act 2015] {{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

====New Zealand====
In New Zealand, khat is listed as a Class C drug, in the same category as cannabis and [[codeine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/DLM436723.html |title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 | publisher=legislation.govt.nz |date=July 2014 |access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

===South America===
In South America, there is no legislation regarding khat; the active ingredients in the plant can be found in several weight control compounds sold in the continent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khat: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-536/khat|website=www.webmd.com|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref>