Editing Kashubians (section)

== Genetics ==

According to a study published in 2015, by far the most common [[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-DNA haplogroup]] among the Kashubs (n=204) who live in [[Kashubia]], is [[haplogroup R1a]], which is carried by 61.8% of Kashubian males. It is followed in frequency by [[Haplogroup I1|I1]] (13.2%), [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] (9.3%), [[Haplogroup I-M438|I2]] (4.4%), [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (3.4%), J (2.5%), G (2%) and [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N1]] (1.5%). Other haplogroups are 2%.<ref name="Kushniarevich2">{{Cite journal |author=Kushniarevich |author2=Utevska|display-authors=etal|year=2015|title=Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|volume=10|issue=9|pages=Table K in S1 File. Frequencies of the NRY haplogroups in Balto–Slavic populations|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135820|pmc=4558026|pmid=26332464|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035820K|doi-access=free}}</ref> Another study from 2010 (n=64) discovered similar proportions of most haplogroups (R1a - 68.8%, I1 – 12.5%, R1b - 7.8%, I2 – 3.1%, E1b1b - 3.1%), but found also [[Haplogroup Q-M242|Q1a]] in 3.1% of Kashubians. This study reported no significant differences between Kashubians from Poland and other Poles as far as Y chromosome polymorphism is regarded.<ref name="Woźniak">{{Cite journal|author=Woźniak |author2=Malyarchuk |author3=Vanecek|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=Similarities and distinctions in Y chromosome gene pool of Western Slavs|journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]]|volume=142|issue=4|pages=540–548|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21253|pmid=20091807}}</ref> When it comes to [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial DNA haplogroups]], according to a January 2013 study, the most common major mtDNA lineages among the Kashubians, each carried by at least 2.5% of their population, include J1 (12.3%), H1 (11.8%), H* (8.9%), T* (5.9%), T2 (5.4%), U5a (5.4%), U5b (5.4%), U4a (3.9%), H10 (3.9%), H11 (3.0%), H4 (3.0%), K (3.0%), V (3.0%), H2a (2.5%) and W (2.5%). Altogether they account for almost 8/10 of the total Kashubian mtDNA diversity.<ref name="Mielnik-Sikorska">{{Cite journal|author=Mielnik-Sikorska |author2=Grzybowski|display-authors=etal|year=2013|title=The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]|volume=8|issue=1|at=Table 1. Frequencies of the major mtDNA haplogroups in Poles, Ukrainians and Czechs|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054360|pmid=23342138|pmc=3544712|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854360M|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In a 2013 study, Y-DNA haplogroups among the [[Dialects of Polish#Greater Polish dialect group|Polish population]] indigenous to [[Kociewie]] (n=158) were reported as follows:

56.3% [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]], 17.7% [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]], 8.2% [[Haplogroup I1|I1]], 7.6% [[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|I2]], 3.8% [[Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]], 1.9% [[Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|N1]], 1.9% [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] and 2% of other haplogroups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rebala|display-authors=etal|first=K.|date=April 2013|title=Contemporary paternal genetic landscape of Polish and German populations: from early medieval Slavic expansion to post-World War II resettlements|pmc=3598329|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=v.21(4); 2013 Apr|issue=4|pages=415–422|pmid=22968131|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2012.190}}</ref>

{{See also|Pomerelia|Kociewie}}