Editing Jurassic Park (film) (section)

===Dinosaurs on screen===
{{see also|Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park{{!}}Dinosaurs in ''Jurassic Park''}}
For ''Jurassic Park'', Spielberg sought to go beyond a simple monster movie,<ref name=dawn>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Dawn of a New Era |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> with Carter stating that they "tried to find the animal in the dinosaur as opposed to the monster in the dinosaur. The idea was not to make them any less threatening, but rather to keep them from doing as much 'monster schtick.'"{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=14}} Spielberg hired paleontologist [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] to ensure that the dinosaurs would be designed and portrayed accurately, based on then-current knowledge of the animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/scientist-behind-jurassic-world-breaks-down-trailer-180953505/|title=The Scientist Behind "Jurassic World", Jack Horner, Breaks Down the Movie's Thrilling Trailer|last=Kutner|first=Max|date=December 2, 2014|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=February 6, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Sonia |title=Science on Screen: Interview with Jack Horner, Jurassic World |url=http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2718/science-on-screen-interview-with-jack-horner-jurassic-world |date=June 14, 2016 |website=Sloan Science & Film |access-date=June 14, 2016 |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717105236/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2718/science-on-screen-interview-with-jack-horner-jurassic-world |url-status=live}}</ref> Certain concepts about dinosaurs were followed, like the theory they [[Origin of birds|evolved into birds]] and had very little in common with lizards. This prompted the removal of the raptors' flicking tongues in early [[animatics]],<ref name="Earl doc"/> as Horner complained it was implausible.<ref>{{cite news |last=French |first=Lawrence |work=[[Cinefantastique]] |volume=24 |number=2 |page=9 |title=Jurassic Park: Dinosaur Movements}}</ref>

Despite the film title's referencing the [[Jurassic]] period, ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' and ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' are the only dinosaurs featured that lived during that time; the other species in the film did not exist until the [[Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Stephen Jay Gould|Gould, Stephen]] |title=Dinomania |work=[[The New York Review of Books]] |date=August 12, 1993 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/aug/12/dinomania/ |access-date=April 2, 2007 |archive-date=June 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606040242/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1993/aug/12/dinomania/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The latter period is mentioned early in the film when Grant describes the ferocity of ''[[Velociraptor]]'' to a young boy, saying: "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pressherald.com/life/go/dino-mite_2013-04-04.html?pagenum=full |title=Movies: Dino-mite! Back to Jurassic Park, in 3-D |date=April 4, 2013 |work=[[Portland Press Herald]] |author=Guzman, Rafer |access-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-date=January 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113170554/http://www.pressherald.com/life/go/dino-mite_2013-04-04.html?pagenum=full |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Effects====
[[File:Dennis Muren.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Dennis Muren]], seen in 2007, oversaw the computer-generated dinosaurs created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM)]]
The dinosaurs were created through various methods, including [[animatronics]] and [[computer-generated imagery]] (CGI).<ref name=JP2>{{cite web |title=Behind the Scenes |url=http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |website=Lost-World.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970401113345fw_/http://www.lost-world.com/Lost_World02/Jurassic_Park.Site/Behind.html |archive-date=April 1, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/movies/film-visiting-jurassic-park-for-real.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=June 6, 1993}}</ref> Spielberg sought to use full-scale dinosaurs on-set as much as possible, rather than relying on [[stop motion]], a [[post-production]] method commonly used in dinosaur films up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=16}} He knew, early on, that stop motion would still be needed for [[wide shot]]s of the dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=51}} To help create the dinosaurs, Spielberg consulted and worked closely with [[Dennis Muren]], an effects supervisor at [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM), which had already provided effects for several of his films.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=17}}<ref name=BiggestMovie>{{cite web |title=How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park/ |website=Empire |date=August 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620212726/http://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/making-jurassic-park |archive-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Spielberg hired [[Phil Tippett]] to create the dinosaur wide shots using [[go-motion]], a variation of stop-motion, with ILM set to refine his work through [[compositing]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=38, 48}}

Separately, Spielberg thought of hiring ride designer [[Bob Gurr]] to create the full-scale dinosaurs,<ref name=McBride>{{cite book |last=McBride |first=Joseph |title=Steven Spielberg: A Biography, Second Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-60473-837-7 |pages=418, 420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jf9HBgttTeQC&pg=PA420 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> having been impressed by his work on a giant mechanical [[King Kong]], made for the [[King Kong Encounter]] at [[Universal Studios Hollywood]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Nigel |title=A Companion to Steven Spielberg |date=2017 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-72680-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfElDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |access-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref> Upon reflection, Spielberg felt that Gurr's life-sized robots would be too expensive and unconvincing.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=18–19}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Spielberg then contacted effects artist [[Stan Winston]],{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=19}} having seen his work on the [[Queen Alien|queen alien]] in the 1986 film ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''. Winston said the queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic, because it was lightweight and did not have to look like a real animal. Nevertheless, he was intrigued by the offer to work on ''Jurassic Park''.<ref>{{cite web |last=MacManus |first=Christopher |title=Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/making-the-dinosaurs-of-jurassic-park-pictures/ |website=CNET |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=April 10, 2013}}</ref>

Winston had one of his company artists, Mark "Crash" McCreery, create numerous dinosaur sketches.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=20–21}} These impressed Universal, which eventually hired Winston's team to make the film's on-set dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=23}} Winston and ILM also worked together on the film ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'', released in 1991.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}} As with previous films, Winston's workers consisted of two groups: the art department, responsible in this case for the dinosaurs' outer appearance; and the mechanical department, which would handle the technical inner workings.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=24}} Winston's crew created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding [[latex]] skins, which were fitted over complex robotics.<ref name="Earl doc"/> Sound stages were considered the most ideal filming environment for the animatronics, allowing sets to be built on elevated platforms with the mechanics of the dinosaurs concealed underneath.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=43}}

[[File:Museo Cinema Torino - Jurassic Park step motion diorama.jpg|thumb|A pre-production ''T. rex'' model, displayed at the [[National Museum of Cinema]] of [[Turin]], Italy]]
In addition to wide shots, Tippett was tasked with creating go-motion [[animatics]] early on to help develop two major sequences: one depicting the ''T. rex'' breakout, and the other involving the raptors in the kitchen. His team built the dinosaur puppets and based their design on maquettes made by Winston.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=47}}<ref name="Earl doc"/> Despite go motion's attempts at [[motion blur]]s, Spielberg found the end results unsatisfactory for a live-action feature film.<ref name="Earl doc" /> He wanted to include a stampede of dinosaur herds, but was unsure how to achieve this. After breaking new ground with the CGI effects in ''Terminator 2'', Muren thought ILM could handle the stampede rather than Tippett: "Creating herds of animals with puppets would be very difficult, so I thought maybe that was something we might be able to do with computer graphics."{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=48}}<ref name=BiggestMovie/>

ILM animator [[Steve Williams (animator)|Steve Williams]] believed that more could be done with CGI than just the stampede: "All of us wanted a crack at the T-rex, but we thought we could never get it because Stan was already in there, and so was Phil. But the attraction was strong, so I secretly started building some T-rex bones in the computer." Williams scanned various photographs to create his virtual skeleton and then animated a [[walk cycle]] for it. Fellow animator [[Mark A.Z. Dippé|Mark Dippé]] also believed that CGI could be used for the film on a large scale, pushing Muren for months to consider the possibility. Muren, Kennedy and Molen were impressed when Williams unveiled his skeleton animation, and Muren was given approval to explore the use of CGI for the herd shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=49}}

The ''T. rex'' animation was examined further. Winston's fifth-scale prototype of the dinosaur was scanned by [[Cyberware (company)|Cyberware]], and the data was refined with various computer programs to fit over the skeleton, creating a digital ''T. rex''. Other programs were used to animate the creature, with the finished result impressing Spielberg so much that he scrapped the go-motion method, instead tasking ILM with creating digital dinosaurs for full-body shots.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}} Upon seeing the ''T. rex'' animation, Tippett had declared, "I think I'm extinct." Spielberg had this incorporated into the script: Grant, impressed by Jurassic Park's living dinosaurs, says to Sattler, "We're out of a job," to which Malcolm replies, "Don't you mean extinct?"<ref name="Earl doc" /><ref name=McBride/>

[[File:Dinosaur Input Device Velociraptor.jpg|thumb|left|The "Dinosaur Input Device" raptor used for the film]]
Tippett had assembled a 30-person crew to prepare for the go-motion segments; Spielberg did not wish to lose his expertise, and Muren sought to keep him involved with the project as an advisor to ILM's animators. Muren later noted that "this is the first generation of computer animators, and they are struggling with hardware and software limitations that make the process excruciatingly painful and slow." Although Tippett disliked computers, Muren eventually convinced him to remain involved on ''Jurassic Park''. Tippett and the ILM team spent approximately a month learning each other's respective fields.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=50–53}}

Tippett acted as a consultant for dinosaur anatomy,<ref name="Earl doc" /> and his animatics were used, along with storyboards, as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences.<ref name=pre>{{cite news |title=Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory |work=Jurassic Park |edition=Blu-ray |date=2011}}</ref> ILM's artists were sent on private tours to a local animal park, so they could study large animals – rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraffes – up close. They also took [[mime]] classes to aid in understanding movements.<ref name=back/> Special effects work continued during post-production, as Tippett's unit adjusted to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |title=Dinosaur Input Device |author=Knep, Brian |author2=Hayes, Craig |author3=Sayre, Rick |author4=Williams, Tom |year=1995 |work=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |pages=304–309 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121054959/http://www.sigchi.org/chi95/proceedings/papers/bk_bdy.htm |archive-date=November 21, 2008}}</ref> models that fed information into computers, allowing them to animate the dinosaurs like stop-motion puppets. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and ''Gallimimus''.<ref name="Earl doc"/>

The CGI dinosaurs by ILM, based on Winston's designs,<ref name=BiggestMovie/> took nearly a year to complete.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jurassic-park-how-cgi-was-used-2014-11 |title=How 4 Minutes Of CGI Dinosaurs In 'Jurassic Park' Took A Year To Make |website=Insider |date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> Compositing the animals onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, while the ''T. rex'' in the rain required six hours per frame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011192636/http://silicon-valley.siggraph.org/MeetingNotes/ILM.html |archive-date=October 11, 2006 |title=Jurassic Park – The Illusion of Life |access-date=April 19, 2008 |author=Peterson, John |author2=Williams, Steve |author3=Letteri, Joe |year=1994 |work=Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph |page=1}}</ref> ''Jurassic Park'' has more than 50 CGI shots, with the end fight between the ''T. rex'' and raptors using all-CGI dinosaurs,<ref name="Earl doc"/> something that made Spielberg nervous until he saw the finished result.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=118–119}} The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |last1=Effron |first1=Lauren |last2=Gowen |first2=Gwen |title='Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/jurassic-park-turns-25-scenes-moments-iconic-summer/story?id=55332468 |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Britton |first= P. | title = The WOW Factor |journal=Popular Science |page=90 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3oRpYBVRP7wC&q=6.5+minutes&pg=PA88 |year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |title=Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/jurassic-park-special-effects/ |website=/Film |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=June 16, 2014}}</ref>

====List====
{{see also|Rexy|Velociraptors in Jurassic Park{{!}}''Velociraptors'' in ''Jurassic Park''}}
[[File:StanWinstonTRex.jpg|upright=1.13|thumb|right|The life-sized animatronic ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' on the set. It is the largest sculpture ever made by Stan Winston Studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-t-rex-sculpting-a-full-size-dinosaur |title=Jurassic Park's T-Rex – Sculpting a Full-Size Dinosaur |date=December 15, 2012 |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015011757/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/jurassic-park-t-rex-sculpting-a-full-size-dinosaur |url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=A life-sized Tyrannosaurus robotic model, with hydraulics where the dinosaur's feet would be, touches a car in a movie set.]]
Various dinosaurs are featured throughout the film:
* ''[[Alamosaurus]]'' appears as a skeleton in the Jurassic Park visitor center.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/ |title=See Tyrannosaurus Take a Bite out of Alamosaurus |last=Black |first=Riley |date=March 25, 2009 |work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |access-date=June 6, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607065112/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/see-tyrannosaurus-take-a-bite-out-of-alamosaurus-41321171/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Brachiosaurus]]'' is the first dinosaur the park's visitors see. It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food and standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} According to artist Andy Schoneberg, the chewing was done to make the animal seem docile, resembling a cow chewing its cud. The dinosaur's head and upper neck was the largest puppet without hydraulics built for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/rehearsing-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-puppet |title=Jurassic Park's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106045630/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/rehearsing-jurassic-park-brachiosaurus-puppet |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite scientific evidence of ''Brachiosaurus'' having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer [[Gary Rydstrom]] decided to represent them with [[whale sound|whale songs]] and [[donkey]] calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder. [[Penguin]]s were also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}
* ''[[Dilophosaurus]]'' is also very different from its real-life counterpart, made significantly smaller to ensure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=36}} Its [[neck frill]] and its ability to spit venom are fictitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a [[swan]], a [[hawk]], a [[howler monkey]], and a [[rattlesnake]].<ref name="Earl doc" /> The animatronic model, nicknamed "Spitter" by Winston's team, was animated by the puppeteers sitting on a trench in the set floor, using a [[paintball]] mechanism to spit the mixture of [[methyl cellulose]] and [[K-Y Jelly]] that served as venom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/making-jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-aka-spitter |title=Jurassic Park's Spitter – Building the animatronic Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet |website=Stan Winston School of Character Arts |date=April 5, 2013 |access-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106045329/https://www.stanwinstonschool.com/blog/making-jurassic-park-dilophosaurus-aka-spitter |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Gallimimus]]'' are featured in a stampede scene in which the ''Tyrannosaurus'' eats one of them. The ''Gallimimus'' was the first dinosaur to be digitized, featured in two ILM tests, initially as a herd of skeletons and then fully skinned while pursued by the ''T. rex''.<ref name="Earl doc" /> Its design was based on [[ostrich]]es, and to emphasize the birdlike qualities, the animation focused mostly on the herd rather than individual animals.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=135}} As reference for the dinosaurs' run, the animators were filmed running at the ILM parking lot, with plastic pipes standing in as a fallen tree that the ''Gallimimus'' jump over.<ref name=next/> The footage inspired the incorporation of an animal falling, as one of the artists did trying to make the jump.<ref name=back>{{cite web |url=http://www.fxguide.com/featured/welcome-back-to-jurassic-park/ |title=Welcome (back) to Jurassic Park |first=Ian |last=Failes |website=FX Guide |date=April 4, 2013 |access-date=January 5, 2014 |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209073515/http://www.fxguide.com/featured/welcome-back-to-jurassic-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Horse squeals became the ''Gallimimus''{{'}}s sounds.<ref name=vult>{{cite news |url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/how-the-dino-sounds-in-jurassic-park-were-made.html |date=September 4, 2013 |title=You'll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made |work=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]] |first=Kyle |last=Buchanan |access-date=January 15, 2014 |archive-date=January 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116114627/http://www.vulture.com/2013/04/how-the-dino-sounds-in-jurassic-park-were-made.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Parasaurolophus]]'' appear in the background during the first encounter with the ''Brachiosaurus''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfSnkQ4VO24C&pg=PA45 |title=Jurassic Park |journal=[[Popular Science]] |date=November 1996 |author=Nelson, Ray |access-date=February 18, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913025918/https://books.google.com/books?id=OfSnkQ4VO24C&pg=PA45 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Triceratops]]'' has an extended cameo, depicted as sick from eating a toxic plant. Its appearance was a logistical nightmare for Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=83}} The model, operated by eight puppeteers on Kauai, was the first dinosaur filmed during production,<ref name=dawn/> and was the only one brought to Hawaii for filming.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=59}} Winston also created a baby ''Triceratops'' for Richards to ride, a scene cut from the script for pacing reasons.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=64}} Rydstrom combined the sound of himself breathing into a cardboard tube with the cows near his workplace at [[Skywalker Ranch]] to create the ''Triceratops'' vocals.<ref name=vult />
* The ''[[Tyrannosaurus]]'' (an individual later referred to by fans as "[[Rexy]]")<ref>{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Ryan |title=Original Jurassic Park T-Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 |url=http://movieweb.com/jurassic-world-2-classic-tyrannosaurus-rex-returning-rexy/ |website=MovieWeb |date=April 3, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420043826/http://movieweb.com/jurassic-world-2-classic-tyrannosaurus-rex-returning-rexy/ |archive-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref> was partly represented by a life-sized animatronic, which stood {{convert|20|ft|m|disp=flip}}, weighed {{convert|7900|kg|lb}},{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=95–105}} and was {{convert|40|ft|m|disp=flip}} long.<ref name="magic">{{cite magazine |author=[[Richard Corliss|Corliss, Richard]] |title=Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 26, 1993 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930102341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978307,00.html |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |access-date=January 26, 2007}}</ref> It was the largest creature made by Winston's studio up to that point.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=104}} Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".<ref name="magic" /> While the consulting paleontologists did not agree on the dinosaur's movement, particularly its running capabilities, animator [[Steve Williams (animator)|Steve Williams]] decided to "throw physics out the window and create a ''T. rex'' that moved at sixty miles per hour even though its hollow bones would have busted if it ran that fast".{{sfn|Shone|2004|p=217}} The major reason was the ''T. rex'' chasing a Jeep, a scene that took two months to finish.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement, though later studies indicate the ''T. rex'' had [[binocular vision]] comparable to a [[bird of prey]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sight+for+'saur+eyes%3A+T.+rex+vision+was+among+nature's+best.-a0148185715 |title=Sight for 'saur eyes: T. rex vision was among nature's best. |work=[[Science News]] |author=Jaffe, Eric |date=June 28, 2006 |access-date=January 15, 2014 |archive-date=December 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214151518/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sight+for+%27saur+eyes%3A+T.+rex+vision+was+among+nature%27s+best.-a0148185715 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its roar is a baby [[elephant]]'s squeal combined with [[alligator]] and [[crocodile]] noises as well as a [[tiger]]'s snarl and a [[lion]]'s roar,{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/how-they-designed-the-jurassic-park-t-rex-roar/|title=How They Designed The T-Rex Roar in 'Jurassic Park'|website=Film School Rejects|date=December 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/jurassic-park-t-rex-roar-creation/|title=How Jurassic Park Created the T-Rex Roar|website=CBR.com|date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> its grunts those of a male [[koala]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-03-12 |title=Why does Hollywood get animals so wrong? And why does it often involve a kookaburra? |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-03-13/koala-roar-jurassic-park-hollywood-sound-effects-animals/100875044 |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318225252/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2022-03-13/koala-roar-jurassic-park-hollywood-sound-effects-animals/100875044 |url-status=live}}</ref> and its breath a [[whale]]'s blow.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}} A dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of the ''T. rex'' tearing a ''Gallimimus'' apart,<ref name="Earl doc" /> while cut [[Sequoia (genus)|sequoias]] crashing to the ground became the sound of its footsteps.<ref name=pre/> 
* ''[[Velociraptor]]'' plays a major role in the film. [[Velociraptors in Jurassic Park|The creature's depiction]] is not based on the actual dinosaur genus, which was significantly smaller. Crichton instead based his version on ''[[Deinonychus]]'', which his research had indicated to be a ''Velociraptor'' relative.<ref>{{cite web |last=Black |first=Riley |title=You say "Velociraptor", I say "Deinonychus" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/you-say-velociraptor-i-say-deinonychus-33789870/ |website=Smithsonian |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=November 7, 2008}}</ref> He kept the ''Velociraptor'' name as he thought it sounded more dramatic.<ref>{{cite news |last=Musante |first=Fred |title=Lessons for the Future in Ancient Bones |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/nyregion/lessons-for-the-future-in-ancient-bones.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 29, 1997 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020810/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/29/nyregion/lessons-for-the-future-in-ancient-bones.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly before ''Jurassic Park''{{'}}s release,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-do-we-really-know-about-utahraptor-95334335/ |title=What Do We Really Know About Utahraptor? &#124; Dinosaur Tracking |doi=10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852 |newspaper=Smithsonian Magazine |s2cid=220414868 |access-date=January 24, 2013 |date=August 22, 2001 |volume=21 |issue=sup003 |pages=1–117 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110184328/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-do-we-really-know-about-utahraptor-95334335/ |url-status=live |issn = 0272-4634 }}</ref> the similar ''[[Utahraptor]]'' was discovered, although it proved even bigger than the film's raptors. This prompted Winston to joke, "After we created it, they discovered it".<ref name="magic" /> For the attack on Muldoon and parts of the kitchen sequence, the raptors were [[Suitmation|played by men in suits]].{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=113–114}} Other methods would also be used to portray the dinosaurs, including on-set puppets.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Ultimate Guide to Jurassic Park |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK9lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |publisher=Time Home Entertainment |date=June 15, 2018 |pages=66 |isbn=9781547843688 |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201183745/https://books.google.com/books?id=VK9lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref> During a take on the kitchen set, one of the raptors slammed into Mazzello, who sustained a minor head injury from its hand claw.<ref>{{cite web |last=Deckelmeier |first=Joe |title=Joseph Mazzello Interview: Jurassic Park |url=https://screenrant.com/jurassic-park-joseph-mazzello-interview/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=April 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clements |first=Erin |title='Bohemian Rhapsody' star Joseph Mazzello looks back on 'Jurassic Park' |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/bohemian-rhapsody-star-joseph-mazzello-looks-back-jurassic-park-t139022 |website=Today.com |access-date=February 8, 2025 |date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> [[Dolphin]] screams, [[walrus]]es bellowing, [[geese]] hissing,<ref name="Earl doc" /> [[Grey-crowned crane|an African crane]]'s [[mating call]], [[tortoise]]s mating, and human rasps were mixed to formulate various raptor sounds.{{sfn|Shay & Duncan|1993|p=144–6}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=vult/> Following discoveries made after the film's release, most paleontologists theorize that [[dromaeosaur]]s like ''Velociraptor'' and ''[[Deinonychus]]'' were [[Feathered dinosaur|covered with feathers]] like modern birds. This feature is included in ''[[Jurassic Park III]]'' for the male raptors, which have a row of small quills on their heads.<ref>{{cite book |author=G. S. Paul |date=2002 |title=Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds |location=Baltimore |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]}}</ref>