Editing Jomo Kenyatta (section)

===Imprisonment: 1954–1961===

[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-166-109.jpg|thumb|upright|Tanganyikan children with signs demanding Kenyatta's release]]

During the appeal process, a prison had been built at Lokitaung, where Kenyatta and the four others were then interned.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=280|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=135}} The others were made to break rocks in the hot sun but Kenyatta, because of his age, was instead appointed their cook, preparing a daily diet of beans and [[posho]].{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=280|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=136}} In 1955, P. de Robeck became the District Officer, after which Kenyatta and the other inmates were treated more leniently.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|pp=283–284}} In April 1954, they had been joined by a captured Mau Mau commander, [[Waruhiu Itote]]; Kenyatta befriended him, and gave him English lessons.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1pp=283, 284|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=139}} By 1957, the inmates had formed into two rival cliques, with Kenyatta and Itote on one side and the other KAU members—now calling themselves the "National Democratic Party"—on the other.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=291|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=138}} In one incident, one of his rivals made an unsuccessful attempt to stab Kenyatta at breakfast.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|pp=294–295}} Kenyatta's health had deteriorated in prison; manacles had caused problems for his feet and he had [[eczema]] across his body.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=289|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=137}}

Kenyatta's imprisonment transformed him into a political martyr for many Kenyans, further enhancing his status.{{sfn|Arnold|1974|p=181}} A Luo anti-colonial activist, [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]], was the first to publicly call for Kenyatta's release, an issue that gained growing support among Kenya's anti-colonialists.{{sfn|Arnold|1974|pp=93, 199}} In 1955, the British writer [[Montagu Slater]]—a socialist sympathetic to Kenyatta's plight—released ''The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta'', a book which raised the profile of the case.{{sfnm|1a1=Arnold|1y=1974|1p=145|2a1=Leman|2y=2011|2pp=27, 34}} In 1958, Rawson Macharia, the key witness in the state's prosecution of Kenyatta, signed an affidavit swearing that his evidence against Kenyatta had been false; this was widely publicised.{{sfn|Maloba|2018|p=161}} By the late 1950s, the imprisoned Kenyatta had become a symbol of African nationalism across the continent.{{sfn|Arnold|1974|p=96}}

His sentence served, in April 1959 Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=296|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=140}} The administration then placed a restricting order on Kenyatta, forcing him to reside in the remote area of [[Lodwar]], where he had to report to the district commissioner twice a day.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=296|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2pp=140, 143}} There, he was joined by his wife Ngina.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=296}} In October 1961, they had another son, [[Uhuru Kenyatta|Uhuru]], and later on another daughter, Nyokabi, and a further son, Muhoho.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=320}} Kenyatta spent two years in Lodwar.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=297}} The Governor of Kenya, [[Patrick Muir Renison]], insisted that it was necessary; in a March 1961 speech, he described Kenyatta an "African leader to darkness and death" and stated that if he were released, violence would erupt.{{sfn|Maloba|2018|pp=153–154}}

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| footer = Among those lobbying for Kenyatta's release from indefinite detention were Tanganyika's Julius Nyerere and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah.
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This indefinite detention was widely interpreted internationally as a reflection of the cruelties of British imperialism.{{sfn|Maloba|2018|p=144}} Calls for his release came from the Chinese government,{{sfn|Maloba|2018|pp=145–146}} India's Nehru,{{sfn|Maloba|2018|pp=155–156}} and Tanganyika's Prime Minister [[Julius Nyerere]].{{sfnm|1a1=Arnold|1y=1974|1p=204|2a1=Maloba|2y=2018|2p=152}} Kwame Nkrumah—whom Kenyatta had known since the 1940s and who was now President of a newly independent Ghana—personally raised the issue with British Prime Minister [[Harold Macmillan]] and other UK officials,{{sfn|Maloba|2018|pp=147–149}} with the Ghanaian government offering Kenyatta asylum in the event of his release.{{sfn|Maloba|2018|p=147}} Resolutions calling for his release were produced at the [[All-African Peoples' Conference]]s held in [[Tunis]] in 1960 and [[Cairo]] in 1961.{{sfn|Arnold|1974|p=96}} Internal calls for his release came from Kenyan Asian activists in the [[Kenya Indian Congress]],{{sfn|Arnold|1974|p=169}} while a colonial government commissioned poll revealed that most of Kenya's indigenous Africans wanted this outcome.{{sfn|Maloba|2018|p=176}}

By this point, it was widely accepted that Kenyan independence was inevitable, the British Empire having been dismantled throughout much of Asia and Macmillan having made his "[[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]]" speech.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|pp=287–288}} In January 1960, the British government made its intention to free Kenya apparent.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=299}} It invited representatives of Kenya's anti-colonial movement to [[Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)|discuss the transition]] at London's [[Lancaster House]]. An agreement was reached that an election would be called for a new 65-seat Legislative Council, with 33 seats reserved for black Africans, 20 for other ethnic groups, and 12 as 'national members' elected by a pan-racial electorate.{{sfn|Assensoh|1998|p=62}} It was clear to all concerned that Kenyatta was going to be the key to the future of Kenyan politics.{{sfn|Arnold|1974|p=51}}

After the Lancaster House negotiations, the anti-colonial movement had split into two parties, the [[Kenya African National Union]] (KANU), which was dominated by Kikuyu and Luo, and the [[Kenya African Democratic Union]] (KADU), which was led largely by members of smaller ethnic groups like the Kalenjin and Maasai.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=300|2a1=Assensoh|2y=1998|2p=59|3a1=Maloba|3y=2018|3p=204}} In May 1960, KANU nominated Kenyatta as its president, although the government vetoed it, insisting that he had been an instigator of the Mau Mau.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=300}} KANU then declared that it would refuse to take part in any government unless Kenyatta was freed.{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=303}} KANU campaigned on the issue of Kenyatta's detainment in the [[1961 Kenyan general election|February 1961 election]], where it gained a majority of votes.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=303|2a1=Kyle|2y=1997|2p=49}} KANU nevertheless refused to form a government, which was instead created through a KADU-led coalition of smaller parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=303|2a1=Arnold|2y=1974|2p=184|3a1=Kyle|3y=1997|3p=50|4a1=Assensoh|4y=1998|4p=59}} Kenyatta had kept abreast of these developments, although he had refused to back either KANU or KADU,{{sfn|Murray-Brown|1974|p=304}} instead insisting on unity between the two parties.{{sfnm|1a1=Murray-Brown|1y=1974|1p=304|2a1=Arnold|2y=1974|2p=185}}