Editing Jihad (section)

====Post-colonialism====
{{Main|Islamism|Criticism of Islamism}}
[[Islamism]] played an increasing role in the Muslim world in the 20th century, especially following the [[Financial crisis#20th century|economic crises of the 1970s and 1980s]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Slooten |first=Pippi |date=April 2005 |title=Dispelling Myths About Islam and Jihad |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631370500333013 |journal=Peace Review |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2–3 |pages=289–294 |doi=10.1080/14631370500333013 |issn=1040-2659}}</ref> One of the first Islamist groups, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], emphasized physical struggle and [[Shahid|martyrdom]] in its creed: "God is our objective; the Qur'an is our constitution; the Prophet is our leader; struggle (''jihad'') is our way; and death for the sake of God is the highest of our aspirations."<ref name="sacred">{{cite book|last1=Benjamin|first1=Daniel|last2=Simon|first2=Steven|title=The Age of Sacred Terror|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj|url-access=registration|date=2002|publisher=Random House|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj/page/57 57]|isbn=9780375508592}}</ref><ref name="slogan">{{cite web|title=Article eight of the Hamas Covenant. The Slogan of the Islamic Resistance Movement|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp|website=Yale Law School. Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School|access-date=7 September 2014|quote=Allah is its target, the Prophet is its model, the Koran its constitution: ''Jihad'' is its path and death for the sake of Allah is the loftiest of its wishes.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307133603/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp|archive-date=7 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hassan al-Banna]] emphasized ''jihad'' of the sword, and called on Egyptians to ''jihad'' against the [[British Empire]],
<ref name=Banna78/>{{rp|150, 155}} (the first influential scholar since the 1857 India uprising to do so).<ref name=Kadri12/>{{rp|158}} The group called for ''jihad'' against [[Israel]] in the 1940s,<ref name="Al-Khatib">{{cite book|last1=Al-Khatib|first1=Ibrahim|title=The Muslim Brotherhood and Palestine: Letters To Jerusalem|date=2012|publisher=scribedigital.com|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=6RdWFL8sbpIC|page=14}}|access-date=7 September 2014|quote=The Muslim Brothers believed a well-planned ''Jihad'' to be the only means to liberate Palestine. Its press confirmed that ''Jihad'' became an individual obligation upon every Muslim ... [who would] gain one of the two desirable goals (i.e. gaining victory or dying martyrs). The jurists of the Group issued a fatwa during the 1948 War that Muslims had to postpone pilgrimage and offer their money for ''Jihad'' (in Palestine) instead.|isbn=978-1780410395}}</ref> and its Palestinian branch, [[Hamas]], called for ''jihad'' against Israel during the [[First Intifada]].<ref name="Abū ʻAmr">{{cite book|last1=Abū ʻAmr|first1=Z.|author-link=Ziyād Abū ʻAmr|title=Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and ..|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|page=23|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jrTG5sdLHD8C|page=23}}|quote=According to the [Muslim Brotherhood] society, the ''jihad'' for Palestine will start after the completion of the Islamic transformation of Palestinian society, the completion of the process of Islamic revival, and the return to Islam in the region. Only then can the call for ''jihad'' be meaningful, because the Palestinians cannot along liberate Palestine without the help of other Muslims.|isbn=978-0253208668}}</ref><ref name="miller-387">But according to [[Judith Miller]], the MB changed its mind with the intifada. {{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Judith|title=God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East|publisher=Simon & Schuster|page=387|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=tH_ThgVEoAcC|page=387}}|quote=Sheikh Yasin had initially argued in typical Muslim Brotherhood tradition that violent ''jihad'' against Israel would be counterproductive until Islamic regimes had been established throughout the Muslim realm. But the outbreak of the Intifada changed his mind: Islamic reconquest would have to start rather than end with ''jihad'' in Palestine. So stated the Hamas covenant.|isbn=978-1439129418|date=19 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hamas Covenant">{{cite web|title=Hamas Covenant 1988|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp|website=Yale Law School Avalon Project|access-date=7 September 2014|quote=[part of Article 13 of the Covenant] There is no solution for the Palestinian question except through ''Jihad''. Initiatives, proposals and international conferences are all a waste of time and vain endeavors.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307133603/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp|archive-date=7 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern Muslim thought had been focused on when to go to war (''[[jus ad bellum]]''), not paying much attention on conduct during war (''[[jus in bello]]''). This was because most Muslim theorists viewed [[international humanitarian law]] as consistent with Islamic requirements. However, Muslims later discussed conduct during war in response to [[terrorist]] groups who targeted civilians.<ref name=hashmi/>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=1jcCwXo3CCgC|page=14}}|14]}}

According to [[Rudolph F. Peters]] and [[Natana J. DeLong-Bas]], the new "fundamentalist" movement brought a reinterpretation of Islam and their own writings on ''jihad''. These writings tended to be less involved with the different of schools of Islamic law, or in solutions for all potential situations. "They emphasize more the moral justifications and the underlying ethical values of the rules, than the detailed elaboration of those rules." They also tended to ignore the distinction between Greater and Lesser ''jihad'' because it distracted Muslims "from the development of the combative spirit they believe is required to rid the Islamic world of Western influences".<ref name=DeLong-Bas2004/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/240 240–41] }}<ref name="Peters-jihad"/>{{rp|[https://archive.org/details/jihadinclassical00pete/page/127 127]}}

Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists were often influenced by the ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah, and Egyptian journalist [[Sayyid Qutb]].
[[File:Sayyid Qutb.jpg|thumb|right|160px|[[Sayyid Qutb]], Islamist author and influential leader of the Muslim Brotherhood]]
Qutb preached in his book ''[[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|Milestones]]'' that ''jihad'', “is not a temporary phase but a permanent war ... ''Jihad'' for freedom cannot cease until the Satanic forces are put to an end and the religion is purified for God in toto.”<ref name="Milestones"/>{{rp|125–26}}<ref name=DeLong-Bas2004/>{{rp|264}} Qutb focused on martyrdom and ''jihad'', adding the theme of treachery and enmity towards Islam of [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq#Western and Jewish Conspiracies|Christians and especially Jews]]. If non-Muslims were waging a "war against Islam", ''jihad'' against them was defensive, not offensive. He insisted that Christians and Jews were ''[[Shirk (Islam)|mushrikeen]]'' (not monotheists) because (he alleged) they gave their priests or rabbis "authority to make laws, obeying laws which were made by them [and] not permitted by God" and "obedience to laws and judgments is a sort of worship".<ref name="Milestones">{{cite book|last1=Qutb|first1=Sayyid|title=Milestones|url=http://www.izharudeen.com/uploads/4/1/2/2/4122615/milestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf|pages=82, 60|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813061043/http://www.izharudeen.com/uploads/4/1/2/2/4122615/milestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Symon">{{cite news|last1=Symon|first1=Fiona|title=Analysis: The roots of ''jihad''|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1603178.stm|publisher=BBC|access-date=7 September 2014|date=16 October 2001|quote=For Qutb, all non-Muslims were infidels—even the so-called "people of the book", the Christians and Jews—and he predicted an eventual clash of civilisations between Islam and the west.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907115409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1603178.stm|archive-date=7 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later ideologue, [[Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj]], departed from some of Qutb's teachings. While Qutb felt that ''jihad'' was a proclamation of "liberation for humanity" (in which humanity has the free choice between Islam and unbelief), Faraj saw ''jihad'' as a mean of conquering the world and reestablishing the [[caliphate]].<ref name=Cook05/>{{rp| 107-108}} Faraj legitimized lying, attacking by night (even accidentally killing innocents), and destroying trees of the infidel.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jansen |first=Johannes J. G. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=O8trAAAAIAAJ}}|title=The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East |date=1986 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-916340-5 |language=en}} Includes a facsimile of ''al-Farida al-gha'iba'' (The Neglected Duty) by Muhammad 'Abd al-Salam Faraj.</ref><ref name=Cook05/>{{rp| 190, 192}} His ideas influenced Egyptian Islamist extremist groups,<ref name="Gerges"/>{{rp|9}} and [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], later the leader of [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="Gerges"/>{{rp|11}}

During the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]], and although it was predominantly [[Sunni]], Afghanistan's [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shiite population]] took arms against the [[Communist]] government and allied [[Soviet forces]] and the nation's Sunnis and were collectively referred to as the Afghan [[Mujahideen#Afghanistan|Mujahideen]]. Shiite jihadists in Afghanistan were known as the [[Tehran Eight]] and received support from the [[Iranian government]] in fighting the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Communist Afghan government]] and allied Soviet forces in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War|title=Afghan War &#124; History & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=24 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/147 147]|title=Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban|first=Larry P.|last=Goodson|date=10 August 2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|via=Internet Archive|isbn=9780295980508}}</ref>