Editing Jansenism (section)

=== Pasquier Quesnel and his ''Réflexions morales'': 1692–1710 ===
Quesnel was also a member of the Oratory of Jesus in Paris from 1657 until 1681, when he was expelled on account of his Jansenism. He sought the protection of [[Pierre du Cambout de Coislin]], [[bishop of Orléans]], who harbored Quesnel for four years, until Quesnel joined Antoine Arnauld in Brussels in 1689. In 1692, Quesnel published the ''Nouveau Testament en français avec des réflexions morales sur chaque verset'' ('New Testament in French with moral reflections on each verse'), a devotional guide to the [[New Testament]] that laid out the Jansenist position in strong terms. This work, consistently republished because of its success, was classically Augustinian. Quesnel remained measured on questions of grace, but on the other hand was fiercely [[Gallicanism|Gallican]] in the vein of [[Edmond Richer]]. Indeed, Quesnel was seen as the functional successor of Antoine Arnauld upon his death in 1694, and therefore as the leader of the 'Jansenist party'.<ref name="Gazier-1923" />{{Rp|page=|pages=234–235}}

The ''Réflexions morales'' did not initially arouse controversy; not only was it recommended by Noailles but it was also approved for publication by Félix Vialart de Herse, [[bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne]]. {{citation needed span|text=Neither Vialart nor Noailles appeared to have realized that the book had strongly Jansenist overtones, and had thought that they were simply approving a pious manual of devotion.|date=November 2014}} However, in the years that followed, several bishops became aware of the book's Jansenist tendencies and issued condemnations: {{Interlanguage link|Joseph-Ignace de Foresta|fr}}, [[bishop of Apt]], in 1703; Charles-Béningne Hervé, [[bishop of Gap]], in 1704; and both {{Interlanguage link|François-Joseph de Grammont|fr}}, [[bishop of Besançon]], and {{Interlanguage link|Édouard Bargedé|fr}}, [[bishop of Nevers]], in 1707. When the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Holy Office]] drew the {{lang|fr|Réflexions morales}} to the attention of Clement XI, he issued the [[papal brief]] {{lang|la|Universi dominici}} (1708), proscribing the book for "savouring of the Jansenist heresy". As a result, in 1710, Jean-François de l'Escure de Valderil, [[bishop of Luçon]], and {{Interlanguage link|Étienne de Champflour|fr}}, [[bishop of La Rochelle]], forbade the reading of the book in their dioceses.<ref name="Catholic" />