Editing Jaguar (section)

===Reproduction and life cycle===
[[File:Parque Estadual Encontro das Águas Thomas-Fuhrmann (2023- 11) Jaguar mating - Panthera onca.jpg|thumb|Jaguars [[mating]] in the northern Pantanal]]
[[File:Jaguarpickingupcub08.jpg|thumb|Female jaguar picking up her cub]]
In captivity, the female jaguar is recorded to reach [[sexual maturity]] at the age of about 2.5 years. [[Estrus]] lasts 7–15 days with an [[estrus cycle]] of 41.8 to 52.6 days. During estrus, she exhibits increased restlessness with rolling and prolonged vocalizations.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wildt, D.E. |author2=Platz, C.C. |author3=Chakraborty, P.K. |author4=Seager, S.W.J. |year=1979 |name-list-style=amp |title=Oestrous and ovarian activity in a female jaguar (''Panthera onca'') |journal=Reproduction |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=555–558 |doi=10.1530/jrf.0.0560555 |doi-access=free |pmid=383976}}</ref>
She is an [[induced ovulator]] but can also ovulate spontaneously.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Barnes, S.A. |author2=Teare, J.A. |author3=Staaden, S. |author4=Metrione, L. |author5=Penfold, L.M. |year=2016 |name-list-style=amp |title=Characterization and manipulation of reproductive cycles in the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') |journal=General and Comparative Endocrinology |volume=225 |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.012 |doi-access=free |pmid=26399935}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Jorge-Neto, P. N. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Luczinski, T. C. |author3=Ribeiro de Araújo, G. |author4=Salomão, J. |author5=de Souza Traldi, A. |author6=Melo dos Santos, J. A. |author7=Requena, L. A. |author8=Machado Gianni, M. C. |author9= de Deco-Souza, T. |author10=Schilbach Pizzutto, C. |author11=Baldassarre, H. |year=2020 |journal=Theriogenology |volume=147 |pages=57–61 |title=Can jaguar (''Panthera onca'') ovulate without copulation? |doi=10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.026|doi-access=free |pmid=32092606 }}</ref>
[[Gestation]] lasts 91 to 111 days.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1976 |chapter=Gestation period and postnatal development in felids |title=The world's cats |editor=Eaton, R.L. |publisher=Carnivore Research Institute, Univ. Washington |location=Seattle |volume=3. Contributions to Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Evolution |pages=143–165}}</ref>
The male is sexually mature at the age of three to four years.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mondolfi, E. |author2=Hoogesteijn, R. |year=1986 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Notes on the biology and status of the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') in Venezuela |title=Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management |editor1=Miller, S.D. |editor2=Everett, D.D. |publisher=National Wildlife Federation |location=Washington, DC |pages=85–123 |isbn=978-091218679-5}}</ref>
His mean [[ejaculate]] volume is 8.6±1.3&nbsp;ml.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Morato, R. G. |author2=Guimaraes, M.A.B. |author3=Ferriera, F. |author4=Verreschi, I.T.d.N. |author5=Barnabe, R.C. |year=1999 |name-list-style=amp |title=Reproductive characteristics of captive male jaguars |journal=Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science |volume=36 |issue=5 |doi=10.1590/S1413-95961999000500008 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[Generation time|Generation length]] of the jaguar is 9.8 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pacifici, M. |author2=Santini, L. |author3=Di Marco, M. |author4=Baisero, D. |author5=Francucci, L. |author6=Grottolo Marasini, G. |author7=Visconti, P. |author8=Rondinini, C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Generation length for mammals |journal=Nature Conservation |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the Pantanal, [[breeding pair]]s were observed to stay together for up to five days. Females had one to two cubs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Cavalcanti, S. M. C. |author2=Gese, E. M. |year=2009 |name-list-style=amp |title=Spatial ecology and social interactions of jaguars (''Panthera onca'') in the southern Pantanal, Brazil |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=935–945 |doi=10.1644/08-MAMM-A-188.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The young are born with closed eyes but open them after two weeks. Cubs are [[wean]]ed at the age of three months but remain in the birth den for six months before leaving to accompany their mother on hunts.<ref name=SWWL>{{cite magazine |author=Egerton, J. |date=2006 |title=Jaguars: Magnificence in the Southwest |magazine=Wild Tracks |url=http://www.southwestwildlife.org/pdf/Newsletter/Spring06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144027/http://www.southwestwildlife.org/pdf/Newsletter/Spring06.pdf |access-date=6 December 2009 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
Jaguars remain with their mothers for up to two years. They appear to rarely live beyond 11 years, but captive individuals may live 22 years.<ref name=Seymour />

In 2001, a male jaguar killed and partially consumed two cubs in [[Emas National Park]]. [[DNA paternity testing]] of blood samples revealed that the male was the father of the cubs.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Soares, T. N. |author2=Telles, M. P. |author3=Resende, L.V. |author4=Silveira, L. |author5=Jácomo, A.T.A. |author6=Morato, R.G. |author7=Diniz-Filho, J.A.F. |author8=Eizirik, E. |author9=Brondani, R.P. |author10=Brondani, C. |year=2006 |display-authors=4 |name-list-style=amp |title=Paternity testing and behavioral ecology: A case study of jaguars (''Panthera onca'') in Emas National Park, Central Brazil |journal=Genetics and Molecular Biology |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=735–740 |doi=10.1590/S1415-47572006000400025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Two more cases of [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]] were documented in the northern Pantanal in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tortato, F.R. |author2=Devlin, A.L. |author3=Hoogesteijn, R. |author4=Júnior, J.A.M. |author5=Frair, J.L. |author6=Crawshaw, P.G. |author7=Izzo, T.J. |author8=Quigley, H.B. |year=2017 |name-list-style=amp |title=Infanticide in a jaguar (''Panthera onca'') population – does the provision of livestock carcasses increase the risk? |journal=Acta Ethologica |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.1007/s10211-016-0241-4 |s2cid=34002056 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308940647 |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021302/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308940647_Infanticide_in_a_jaguar_Panthera_onca_population-does_the_provision_of_livestock_carcasses_increase_the_risk |url-status=live}}</ref> To defend against infanticide, the female may hide her cubs and distract the male with courtship behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Stasiukynas, D. C. |author2=Boron, V. |author3=Hoogesteijn, R. |author4=Barragán2, J. |author5=Martin, A. |author6=Tortato, F. |author7= Rincón, S. |author8=Payán, E. |year=2021 |title=Hide and flirt: observed behavior of female jaguars (''Panthera onca'') to protect their young cubs from adult males |journal=Acta Ethologica |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=179–183 |doi=10.1007/s10211-021-00384-9|s2cid=239539707}}</ref>