Editing Islamophobia (section)

==Manifestations==
[[File:Christchurch mosque shootings memorial flower wall.jpg|thumb|Flower wall memorial erected after mass-shootings in March 2019 targeting [[Al Noor Mosque, Christchurch|Al-Noor Mosque]] and [[Linwood Islamic Centre]] in [[Christchurch|Christchurch City]], [[New Zealand]]. The [[terrorist]] attack was motivated by [[far-right extremism]] and resulted in 51 deaths.]]

===Media===
{{main|Islamophobia in the media}}

According to [[Elizabeth Poole]] in the ''Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies'', the media have been criticized for perpetrating Islamophobia. She cites a case study examining a sample of articles in the [[British press]] from between 1994 and 2004, which concluded that Muslim viewpoints were underrepresented and that issues involving Muslims usually depicted them in a negative light. Such portrayals, according to Poole, include the depiction of Islam and Muslims as a threat to Western security and [[European values|values]].{{sfn|Poole|2003|p=217}} Benn and Jawad write that hostility towards Islam and Muslims are "closely linked to media portrayals of Islam as barbaric, irrational, primitive and sexist."{{sfn|Benn|Jawad|2003|p=165}} Egorova and Tudor cite European researchers in suggesting that expressions used in the media such as "Islamic terrorism", "Islamic bombs" and "violent Islam" have resulted in a negative perception of Islam.<ref name=egorova>See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2–3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, 'The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World' in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. 10, Austria, 2000, pp. 166–68. "</ref> John E. Richardson's 2004 book ''(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers'', criticized the [[Media of the United Kingdom|British media]] for propagating negative [[Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States|stereotypes of Muslims]] and fueling [[Anti-Muslim prejudice in the United Kingdom|anti-Muslim prejudice]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richardson|first=John E.|title=(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|year=2004|isbn=978-90-272-2699-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WanqiF2XULsC}}</ref> In another study conducted by John E. Richardson, he found that 85% of mainstream newspaper articles treated Muslims as a homogeneous mass and portrayed them as a threat to British society.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Richardson | first1 = J. E. | year = 2009 | title = 'Get Shot of the Lot of Them': Election Reporting of Muslims in British Newspapers | journal = Patterns of Prejudice | volume = 43 | issue = 3–4| pages = 355–77 | doi=10.1080/00313220903109276| s2cid = 145772695 }}</ref>

The [[University of Georgia|Universities of Georgia]] and [[University of Alabama|Alabama]] in the [[United States]] conducted a study comparing media coverage of "terrorist attacks" committed by Islamist militants with those of non-Muslims in the United States.&nbsp; Researchers found that "terrorist attacks" by Islamist militants receive 357% more [[Mass media|media]] attention than attacks committed by non-Muslims or whites. Terrorist attacks committed by non-Muslims (or where the religion was unknown) received an average of 15 headlines, while those committed by Muslim extremists received 105 headlines. The study was based on an analysis of news reports covering [[List of terrorist incidents|terrorist attacks]] in the United States between 2005 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chalabi, Mona|date=July 20, 2018|title=Terror attacks by Muslims receive 357% more press attention, study finds|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study|access-date=December 4, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Staff|date=February 19, 2019|title=Terror Attacks By Muslims Get 357 percent More Media Coverage Than Other Terror Attacks, Study Shows|url=https://news.gsu.edu/2019/02/19/terror-attacks-by-muslims-get-disproportionate-news-coverage/|access-date=December 15, 2020|website=Georgia State News Hub|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kearns|first1=Erin M.|last2=Betus|first2=Allison E.|last3=Lemieux|first3=Anthony F.|date=2019-09-19|title=Why Do Some Terrorist Attacks Receive More Media Attention Than Others?|journal=Justice Quarterly|volume=36|issue=6|pages=985–1022|doi=10.1080/07418825.2018.1524507|s2cid=220405703|issn=0741-8825}}</ref> This was despite the fact that [[Far right extremists|far-right extremists]] were responsible for almost double the number of [[Domestic terrorist attacks in the United States|terrorist acts in US]] attributed to Muslim individuals between 2008 and 2016. In spite of this disparity, US and UK governments have been negligent in confronting [[far-right terrorist]]s, instead focusing almost all their [[Counterterrorism|counter-terrorism]] resources on imposing surveillance measures on Muslim population and censoring Muslim activists. Many right-wing politicians have also engaged in anti-Muslim rhetoric, indirectly motivating far-right groups to intensify violent hate crimes against Muslims.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalabi |first=Mona |date=20 July 2018 |title=Terror attacks by Muslims receive 357% more press attention, study finds |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216092039/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jul/20/muslim-terror-attacks-press-coverage-study |archive-date=16 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Neiwert |first=David |date=22 June 2017 |title=Far-right extremists have hatched far more terror plots than anyone else in recent years |work=Reveal News |url=https://revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724031754/https://revealnews.org/article/home-is-where-the-hate-is/ |archive-date=24 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Mehdi Hasan]] in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' criticized [[Western media]] for over-reporting a few [[Islamist terrorist]] incidents but under-reporting the much larger number of planned non-Islamist terrorist attacks carried out by "non-Irish [[White people|white]] folks".<ref>{{cite web|title=Know your enemy|author=Mehdi Hasan|website=[[New Statesman]]|date=9 July 2009|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2009/07/mehdi-hasan-muslim-terrorism-white-british|access-date=9 April 2010}}</ref> A 2012 study indicates that Muslims across different European countries, such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, experience the highest degree of Islamophobia in the media.<ref name=kunst2012b/> Media personalities have been accused of Islamophobia. The obituary in ''[[The Guardian]]'' for the Italian journalist [[Oriana Fallaci]] described her as "notorious for her Islamaphobia" {{sic}}.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,1873911,00.html Obituary of Oriana Fallaci] – [[The Guardian]], 16 September 2006. "''Controversial Italian journalist famed for her interviews and war reports but notorious for her Islamaphobia''"</ref> The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding published a report in 2018 where they stated, "In terms of print media coverage, Muslim-perceived perpetrators received twice the absolute quantity of media coverage as their non-Muslim counterparts in the cases of violent completed acts. For "foiled" plots, they received seven and half times the media coverage as their counterparts."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imv-report.org/|title=Equal Treatment? Measuring the Legal and Media Responses to Ideologically Motivated Violence in the US|website=The Institute for Social Policy and Understanding|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>

Nathan Lean used the term "Islamophobia industry" in the 2012 book ''The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims'' to describe how certain ideologies and political proclivities have converged to advance the same agenda.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Fear of Muslims|last = Lean|first = Nathan|publisher = Pluto Press|year = 2012|page = 66}}</ref> The "Islamophobia industry" has since been discussed by other scholars including Joseph Kaminski,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaminski |first1=Joseph |title=The Islamophobia Industry, Hate, and Its Impact on Muslim Immigrants and OIC State Development |journal=Islamophobia Studies Journal |date=2014 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=157–176 |doi=10.13169/islastudj.2.2.0157 }}</ref> Hatem Bazian,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bazian |first1=Hatem |title=The Islamophobia Industry and the Demonization of Palestine: Implications for American Studies |journal=American Quarterly |date=21 December 2015 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=1057–1066 |doi=10.1353/aq.2015.0073 |s2cid=146731799 |issn=1080-6490}}</ref> Arlene Stein, Zakia Salime, [[Reza Aslan]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stein |first1=Arlene |last2=Salime |first2=Zakia |title=Manufacturing Islamophobia: Rightwing Pseudo-Documentaries and the Paranoid Style |journal=Journal of Communication Inquiry |date=1 February 2015 |volume=281 |issue=4 |pages=2015–1 |doi=10.1177/0196859915569385 |s2cid=145266067 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271907367}}</ref> Erdoan A. Shipoli, and [[Deepa Kumar]], the latter drawing a comparison between the "Islamophobia industry" and [[Cold War]] era [[McCarthyism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shipoli |first=Erdoan A. |title=Islam, Securitization, and US Foreign Policy |date=2018 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=9783319711119 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE5aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116}}</ref>

Some media outlets are working explicitly against Islamophobia. In 2008 [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] ("FAIR") published a study "Smearcasting, How Islamophobes Spread Bigotry, Fear and Misinformation". The report cites several instances where mainstream or close to mainstream journalists, authors and academics have made analyses that essentialize negative traits as an inherent part of Muslims' moral makeup.<ref>{{cite web |last = Rendall |first = Steve |title = Making Islamophobia Mainstream: How Muslim-bashers broadcast their bigotry |date = 2008-11-01 |publisher = [[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] |url = https://fair.org/extra/making-islamophobia-mainstream/ |access-date = 2023-06-07}}</ref> FAIR also established the "[[Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism]]", designed to monitor coverage in the media and establish dialogue with media organizations. Following the [[September 11 attacks|attacks of 11 September 2001]], the [[Islamic Society of Britain]]'s "Islam Awareness Week" and the "Best of British Islam Festival" were introduced to improve community relations and raise awareness about Islam.<ref>Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic studies, p. 218</ref>

Silva and Meaux et al both theorized that one of the main causes of negative interactions, [[Stigmatization|stigma]], and [[Social exclusion|marginalization]] toward the Arabic community is due to the fact that many media framing from news outlets tend to associate [[Arab Muslims|Arab-Muslims]] with [[terrorism]] and [[Jihadism|jihadist]]-inspired motivations when it came to mass violence incidents.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Silva noted in their research looking through [[The New York Times|New York Times]] articles about gun violence and noted that over the sixteen-year period of 2000 until 2016 this media framing would only increase through the time period.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Silva |first=Jason R. |date=2021-09-13 |title=The news media's framing of mass shootings: gun access, mental illness, violent entertainment, and terrorism |journal=Actual Problems of Economics and Law |volume=15 |issue=2 |doi=10.21202/1993-047x.15.2021.2.332-359 |s2cid=225520354 |issn=1993-047X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Silva compared his results to find out that Arabic [[Suspect|perpetrators]] were significantly more like to be framed as terrorists than their White counterparts. Meaux et al note back to research conducted by Park et al that indicated that the most salient association that Americans held on to was Arab-Muslims to terrorism with the notion that people that believed in this association the strongest were more likely to hold implicit bias.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Meaux |first1=Lauren T. |last2=Doran |first2=Stephanie C. |last3=Cox |first3=Jennifer M. |date=2020-11-26 |title=Aberration of mind or soul: the role of media in perceptions of mass violence |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JACPR-07-2020-0526/full/html |journal=Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1108/JACPR-07-2020-0526 |s2cid=229434546 |issn=1759-6599}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Sung-Yeon |last2=Holody |first2=Kyle J. |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaoqun |date=September 2012 |title=Race in Media Coverage of School Shootings: A Parallel Application of Framing Theory and Attribute Agenda Setting |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699012448873 |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |language=en |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1177/1077699012448873 |s2cid=143792318 |issn=1077-6990}}</ref>

=== Movies ===
[[File:Jews Say No to Genocide-Hollywood Protest for a Ceasefire in Gaza.jpg|thumb|Pro-Palestinian protest in Los Angeles against the [[Gaza war|war in Gaza]] and Hollywood's role in dehumanizing Muslims, November 2023]]
Throughout the twentieth century, Muslim characters were portrayed in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] often negatively and with [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] stereotypes visualising them as being "uncivilised". Since the [[Post-9/11]] era, in addition to these tropes, a securitization of Muslims; portraying them as a threat to the [[Western world]], have drastically increased in movie depictions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senanayake |first=Harsha |date=2021 |title=Hollywood and Wicked Other: The Identity Formation of "Western Us" Versus "Muslim Others" |journal=Open Political Science |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=64–67 |doi=10.1515/openps-2021-0007 |s2cid=231920684 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

There are growing instances of Islamophobia in Hindi cinema, or [[Bollywood]], in films such as ''[[Aamir (2008 film)|Aamir]]'' (2008), ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009) and ''[[My Name is Khan]]'' (2010), which corresponds to a growing anti-minorities sentiment that followed the resurgence of the [[Hindu right]].<ref>Gabriel, Karen, "[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5371904/SAJ_Paper__Sent_.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Country_in_the_City_The_Bye-lanes_of.pdf&Expires=1595688602&Signature=fsxwAJGfDzqhdLuX1LkehpIdphorrpgqurLHm0dI5J1efjT3e4fjwJNGfG9B1OucITPtwIzar9QQjOufCTI1~eimaFweW~4YSlrOzHFwreVN8-rCijwVgXhYd6E0LolmhvHMVMsJr8Ga0StJXyPq8EcpezZ7VFiZXmPZBDQiI9uXFXoNvTgWO4kBNic7JIroeRsA6zI0t8lRR2jgt5zzY2hUrEAXzeNqP1oVuTEXD3ET1ZdF~Gnzi1ev8joS4U4tce-aWIXfhHFIQk7ojm8v2F2fGklVcGrUbzXrOCT7814HJ5YIrqe55KyxyYRvQcNINuBjoq3ppN~Q4j-PBemsPA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA The Country in the City: The Bye-lanes of Identity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725135530/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5371904/SAJ_Paper__Sent_.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Country_in_the_City_The_Bye-lanes_of.pdf&Expires=1595688602&Signature=fsxwAJGfDzqhdLuX1LkehpIdphorrpgqurLHm0dI5J1efjT3e4fjwJNGfG9B1OucITPtwIzar9QQjOufCTI1~eimaFweW~4YSlrOzHFwreVN8-rCijwVgXhYd6E0LolmhvHMVMsJr8Ga0StJXyPq8EcpezZ7VFiZXmPZBDQiI9uXFXoNvTgWO4kBNic7JIroeRsA6zI0t8lRR2jgt5zzY2hUrEAXzeNqP1oVuTEXD3ET1ZdF~Gnzi1ev8joS4U4tce-aWIXfhHFIQk7ojm8v2F2fGklVcGrUbzXrOCT7814HJ5YIrqe55KyxyYRvQcNINuBjoq3ppN~Q4j-PBemsPA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |date=25 July 2020 }}", ''South Asian Journal Special Issue Cinema in South Asia'', July – September 2010 pp. 53–64.</ref><ref>Gabriel, Karen and P. K. Vijayan, "Orientalism, Terrorism and Bombay Cinema", (2012) ''Journal of Postcolonial Writing Special Issue on Orientalism and Terrorism'', July 2012 volume 48, number 3, pp. 299–310. {{doi|10.1080/17449855.2012.678744}}.</ref>

===Organizations===
{{See also|List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups#Anti-Muslim}}
[[File:English Defence League protest in Newcastle.jpg|thumb|left|An English Defence League demonstration. The placard reads ''Shut down the mosque command and control centre''.]]
A report from the [[University of California Berkeley]] and the [[Council on American–Islamic Relations]] estimated that {{US$|206 million|long=no}} was funded to 33 groups whose primary purpose was "to promote prejudice against, or hatred of, Islam and Muslims" in the United States between 2008 and 2013, with a total of 74 groups contributing to [[Islamophobia in the United States]] during that period.<ref>{{cite news |title=Funding fear of Muslims: $206m went to promoting 'hatred', report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/20/islamophobia-funding-cair-berkeley-report |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=June 20, 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Stop Islamization of America]] (SIOA) and the ''Freedom Defense Initiative'' are designated as [[hate groups]] by the [[Anti-Defamation League]]<ref>[[Anti-Defamation League]], [http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/sioa.htm "Backgrounder: Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502054200/http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/sioa.htm |date=2 May 2012 }}, ''Extremism'', 25 March 2011 [26 August 2010]. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</ref> and the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Intelligence Report |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2011/summer/jihad-against-islam |date=Summer 2011 |issue=142 |first=Robert |last=Steinback |title=Jihad Against Islam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pamela Geller & Stop Islamization of America|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/pamela-geller|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=27 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=nydaily>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-02-25/local/28647400_1_islamic-center-anti-islamic-pamela-geller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815092825/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-02-25/local/28647400_1_islamic-center-anti-islamic-pamela-geller |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2011 |work=New York Daily News |date=25 February 2011 |first=Corky |title=Southern Poverty Law Center lists anti-Islamic NYC blogger Pamela Geller, followers a hate group |last=Siemaszko}}</ref> In August 2012 SIOA generated media publicity by sponsoring billboards in [[New York City Subway]] stations claiming there had been 19,250 terrorist attacks by Muslims since 9/11 and stating "it's not Islamophobia, it's Islamorealism."<ref>*[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/anti-islamic-ad-claiming-its-not-islamophobia-its-islamorealism-goes-up-in-ny-train-stations/ Anti-Islamic ad claiming "it's not Islamophobia, it's Islamorealism" goes up in NY train stations], [[Associated Press]], 17 August 2012. Note that [[Bryan Fischer]], Director of Issues Analysis for the [[American Family Association]] also used the phrase "Islamo-realism" in the column [http://www.renewamerica.com/columns/fischer/100504 Times Square another argument for restricting Muslim immigration], 4 May 2010.</ref> It later ran advertisements reading "In any war between the civilized man and the savage, support the civilized man. Support Israel. Defeat Jihad." Several groups condemned the advertisements as "hate speech" about all Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/04/pro-muslim-subway-ads-to-hang-near-anti-jihad-ads/|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Pro-Muslim Subway Ads to Hang Near Anti-Jihad Ads|date=4 Oct 2012|author=Ashwaq Masood}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jewish Council for Public Affairs|title=JCPA Condemns Bigoted, Divisive, and Unhelpful Anti-Muslim Ads|url=http://engage.jewishpublicaffairs.org/blog/comments.jsp?key=477&blog_entry_KEY=6561&t=|publisher=JCPA|access-date=21 September 2012|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928194920/http://engage.jewishpublicaffairs.org/blog/comments.jsp?key=477&blog_entry_KEY=6561&t=|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early January 2013 the Freedom Defense Initiative put up advertisements next to 228 clocks in 39 New York subway stations showing the 2001 [[September 11 attacks|attacks on the World Trade Center]] with a quote attributed to the 151st verse of chapter 3 of the Quran: "Soon shall we cast terror into the hearts of the unbelievers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=3&verse=151|title=The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Translation|website=corpus.quran.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-anti-muslim-ads-up-in-nyc-subway-stations/ New anti-Muslim ads up in NYC subway stations], [[CBS News]], 9 January 2013.</ref> The [[New York City Transit Authority]], which said it would have to carry the advertisements on [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] grounds, insisted that 25% of the ad contain a Transit Authority disclaimer.<ref>{{Cite news |last = Epstein |first = Emily Anne |date = 2012-12-07 |title = New Anti-Islam Ads to Debut This Month, Now With 25% More MTA Disclaimer |work = [[The New York Observer]] |url = https://observer.com/2012/12/pamela-geller-mta-new-anti-islam-ads-to-debut-this-month-now-with-25-more-mta-disclaimer/ |access-date = 2023-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/14/nyregion/controversial-group-has-new-anti-jihad-subway-ads.html?ref=nyregion&_r=1&|title=Controversial Group Plans More Ads in Subway Stations|date=13 Dec 2012|newspaper=New York Times|author=Matt Flegenheimer}}</ref> These advertisements also were criticized.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hussain|first=Murtaza|date=2012-12-31|title=Opinion: Anti-Muslim violence spiralling out of control in America|publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/12/31/anti-muslim-violence-spiralling-out-of-control-in-america|access-date=2023-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ali|first=Wajahat|date=2012-12-31|title=Death by brown skin: An Indian immigrant's subway tragedy is a reminder of a destructive Islamophobia that has spread across the country|url=https://www.salon.com/2012/12/31/death_by_brown_skin/|access-date=2023-01-02|website=[[Salon.com]]}}</ref>

The [[English Defence League]] (EDL), an organization in the United Kingdom, has been described as anti-Muslim. It was formed in 2009 to oppose what it considers to be a spread of Islamism, Sharia law and [[Islamic extremism]] in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/545302|title=Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique |website=Academia |author=Roland Imhoff|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> The EDL's former leader, [[Tommy Robinson]], left the group in 2013 saying it had become too extreme and that street protests were ineffective.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/oct/08/tommy-robinson-english-defence-league|title=Tommy Robinson quits EDL saying it has become 'too extreme'|author=Haroon Siddique|date=8 October 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

Furthermore, the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] and the resulting efforts of the British civil and law enforcement authorities to help seek British Muslims' help in identifying potential threats to create prevention is observed by Michael Lavalette as institutionalized Islamophobia. Lavalette alleges that there is a continuity between the former two British governments over prevention that aims to stop young Muslim people from being misled, misdirected and recruited by extremists who exploit grievances for their own "jihadist" endeavors. Asking and concentrating on Muslim communities and young Muslims to prevent future instances, by the authorities, is in itself Islamophobia as such since involvement of Muslim communities will highlight and endorse their compassion for Britain and negate the perceived threats from within their communities.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Race, Racism and Social Work: Contemporary issues and debates|last = Lavalette|first = Michael|publisher = Policy Press at the University of Bristol|year = 2014|location = England|pages = 167–90|chapter = Institutionalised Islamophobia and the 'Prevent' agenda: 'winning hearts and minds' or welfare as surveillance and control?}}</ref>

===Public opinion===
[[File:02015-10-02 Der anti-islamische Protest in Polen.JPG|thumb|Anti-Islam rally in [[Poland]] in 2015]]

The extent of negative attitudes towards Muslims varies across different parts of Europe. Polls in Germany<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-05-12|title=Almost two-thirds of Germans think Islam doesn't 'belong' to their country: poll|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-islam-poll-idUSKCN0Y31ZE|access-date=2021-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Elizabeth Schumacher|date=August 16, 2018|title=Germans tolerant of LGBT neighbors, but not Muslim ones|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germans-tolerant-of-lgbt-neighbors-but-not-muslim-ones/a-45078938|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> and the Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web|last=[[Jan Čulík]]|date=February 9, 2017|title=Why is the Czech Republic So Hostile to Muslims and Refugees?|url=https://www.europenowjournal.org/2017/02/09/why-is-the-czech-republic-so-hostile-to-muslims-and-refugees/|website=EuropeNow|language=en-US|publication-place=[[University of Glasgow]]}}</ref> (as well as South Korea)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=Timothy S.|last2=Bison|first2=Kaitlyn|last3=Kozovic|first3=Aleksandra|date=June 17, 2021|title=Who is welcome? South Korean public opinion on North Koreans and other refugees|journal=Japanese Journal of Political Science|language=en|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=22|issue=3|pages=117–129|doi=10.1017/S1468109921000116|issn=1468-1099|doi-access=free}}</ref> have suggested that most respondents do not welcome Muslim refugees in those countries.

A 2017 [[Chatham House]] poll of more than 10,000 people in 10 European countries had on average 55% agreeing that all further migration from [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]] should be stopped, with 20% disagreeing and 25% offered no opinion. By country, majority opposition was found in Poland (71%), Austria (65%), Belgium (64%), Hungary (64%), France (61%), Greece (58%), Germany (53%), and Italy (51%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2017/02/what-do-europeans-think-about-muslim-immigration|title=What Do Europeans Think About Muslim Immigration?|work=[[Chatham House]]|language=en}}</ref>
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|title=Unfavourable views of Muslims, 2019<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism — 6. Minority groups |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/minority-groups/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=14 October 2019}}</ref>
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{{bar percent|[[Poland]]|peru|66}}
{{bar percent|[[Czech Republic]]|peru|64}}
{{bar percent|[[Hungary]]|peru|58}}
{{bar percent|[[Greece]]|peru|57}}
{{bar percent|[[Lithuania]]|peru|56}}
{{bar percent|[[Italy]]|peru|55}}
{{bar percent|[[Spain]]|darkorange|42}}
{{bar percent|[[Sweden]]|orange|28}}
{{bar percent|[[France]]|gold|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Ukraine]]|gold|21}}
{{bar percent|[[Russia]]|gold|19}}
{{bar percent|[[United Kingdom]]|gold|18}}

}}
In Canada, surveys have suggested that 55% of respondents think the problem of Islamophobia is "overblown" by politicians and media, 42% think discrimination against Muslims is 'mainly their fault', and 47% support banning headscarves in public.<ref>{{cite web|last=Azeezah Kanji|date=November 30, 2020|title=Islamophobia in Canada – Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Religion/Islamophobia-AntiMuslim/Civil%20Society%20or%20Individuals/Noor-ICLMG-ISSA.pdf|website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref>

In the United States, a 2011 [[YouGov]] poll found that 50% of respondents expressed an unfavourable view of Islam, compared to 23% expressing a favourable view.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 14, 2011|title=Islam Is Still A Disliked Religion To Many: 50% Are Unfavorable Towards It|url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2011/09/14/islam-still-disliked-religion-many-50-are-unfavora|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629111813/https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2011/09/14/islam-still-disliked-religion-many-50-are-unfavora|archive-date=2021-06-29|website=[[YouGov]]|language=en-us}}</ref> Another YouGov poll done in 2015 had 55% of respondents expressing an unfavourable view.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mona Chalabi|date=2015-12-08|title=How anti-Muslim are Americans? Data points to extent of Islamophobia|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/08/muslims-us-islam-islamophobia-data-polls|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> However, according to a 2018 [[Institute for Social Policy and Understanding]], 86% of American respondents said they wanted to "live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity", 83% told ISPU they supported "protecting the civil rights of American Muslims", 66% believed negative political rhetoric toward Muslims was harmful to U.S., and 65% agreed that Islamophobia produced discriminatory consequences for Muslims in America.<ref name=":0" />

The chart below displays collected data from the ISPU 2018 American Muslim Poll<ref name=":0" /> which surveyed six different faith populations in the United States. The statements featured in this chart were asked to participants who then responded on a scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The total percentage of those who answered agree and strongly agree are depicted as follows:

'''Question 1:''' "I want to live in a country where no one is targeted for their religious identity."

'''Question 2:''' "The negative things politicians say regarding Muslims is harmful to our country."

'''Question 3:''' "Most Muslims living in the United States are no more responsible for violence carried out by a Muslim than anyone else."

'''Question 4:''' "Most Muslims living in the United States are victims of discrimination because of their faith."

<br />{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| group 1 = 91 : 95 : 85 : 88 : 78 : 88
| group 2 = 78 : 69 : 61 : 61 : 45 : 78
| group 3 = 74 : 68 : 70 : 64 : 66 : 76
| group 4 = 68 : 67 : 62 : 56 : 48 : 77
| colors = grey : pink : brown : teal
| group names = Question 1 (% Net agree) : Question 2 (% Net agree) : Question 3 (% Net Agree) : Question 4 (% Net agree)
| x legends = Muslim : Jewish : Catholic : Protestant : White Evangelical : Unaffiliated
}}

The table below represents the Islamophobia Index, also from the 2018 ISPU poll.<ref name=":0" /> This data displays an index of Islamophobia among faith populations in the United States.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ISPU Islamophobia Index<ref name=":0" />
!Most Muslims living in the United States... (% Net agree shown)
!Muslim
!Jewish
!Catholic
!Protestant
!White Evangelical
!Non-Affiliated
!General Public
|-
|Are more prone to violence
|18%
|15%
|12%
|13%
|23%
|8%
|13%
|-
|Discriminate against women
|12%
|23%
|29%
|30%
|36%
|18%
|26%
|-
|Are hostile to the United States
|12%
|13%
|9%
|14%
|23%
|8%
|12%
|-
|Are less civilized than other people
|8%
|6%
|4%
|6%
|10%
|1%
|6%
|-
|Are partially responsible for acts of violence carried out by other Muslims
|10%
|16%
|11%
|12%
|14%
|8%
|12%
|-
|Index (0 min- 100 max)
|17
|22
|22
|31
|40
|14
|24
|}

=== Internalized Islamophobia ===
ISPU also highlighted a particular trend in relation to anti-Muslim sentiment in the U.S. – internalized Islamophobia among Muslim populations themselves. When asked if they felt most people want them to be ashamed of their faith identity, 30% of Muslims agreed (a higher percentage than any other faith group). When asked if they believed that their faith community was more prone to negative behavior than other faith communities, 30% of Muslims agreed, again, a higher percentage than other faith groups.<ref name=":0" />