Editing Invasive species (section)

==== United States ====
In the [[Great Lakes region]] the [[sea lamprey]] is an invasive species. In its original habitat, it had co-evolved as a [[Parasitism |parasite]] that did not kill its host. However, in the Great Lakes Region, it acts as a predator and can consume up to 40 pounds of fish in its 12–18 month feeding period.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.glfc.org/sea-lamprey.php |title=Great Lakes Fishery Commission – Sea Lamprey |website=www.glfc.org |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-date=October 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025023343/http://www.glfc.org/sea-lamprey.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Sea lampreys prey on all types of large fish such as [[lake trout]] and [[salmon]]. The sea lampreys' destructive effects on large fish negatively affect the fishing industry and have helped cause the collapse of the population of some species.<ref name=":0"/>

[[Economic cost]]s from invasive species can be separated into direct costs through production loss in agriculture and forestry, and management costs. Estimated damage and control costs of invasive species in the U.S. amount to more than $138&nbsp;billion annually.<ref name="pimental">{{cite journal |last1=Pimentel |first1=D. |last2=R. |first2=Zuniga |last3=Morrison |first3=D |year=2005 |title=Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States |journal=[[Ecological Economics]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=273–288 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002 |bibcode=2005EcoEc..52..273P }}</ref> Economic losses can occur through loss of [[recreation]]al and [[tourism]] revenues.<ref name="simb">{{cite journal |last=Simberloff |first=D. |year=2001 |jstor=41717176 |title=Biological invasions – How are they affecting us, and what can we do about them? |journal=[[Western North American Naturalist]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=308–315}}</ref> When economic costs of invasions are calculated as production loss and management costs, they are low because they do not consider environmental damage; if monetary values were assigned to the [[extinction]] of species, loss in biodiversity, and loss of [[ecosystem services]], costs from impacts of invasive species would drastically increase.<ref name="pimental"/> It is often argued that the key to invasive species management is early detection and rapid response.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/invasivespecies/upload/2008-2012-National-Invasive-Species-Management-Plan.pdf |title=2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan. |publisher=National Invasive Species Council, Department of the Interior |year=2008 |location=Washington, DC. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929011911/https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/invasivespecies/upload/2008-2012-National-Invasive-Species-Management-Plan.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, early response only helps when the invasive species is not frequently reintroduced into the managed area, and the cost of response is affordable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holden |first1=Matthew H. |last2=Nyrop |first2=Jan P. |last3=Ellner |first3=Stephen P. |date=June 1, 2016 |title=The economic benefit of time-varying surveillance effort for invasive species management |journal=[[Journal of Applied Ecology]] |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=712–721 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12617 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016JApEc..53..712H }}</ref>

[[File:Parthenium smothering native flora in Biodiversity Rich Forest.jpg |thumb |''[[Parthenium hysterophorus]]'', [[Achanakmar Tiger Reserve]]]]

[[Weed]]s reduce yield in [[agriculture]]. Many weeds are accidental introductions that accompany imports of commercial seeds and plants. Introduced weeds in pastures compete with native forage plants, threaten young [[cattle]] (e.g., leafy spurge, ''[[Euphorbia virgata]]'') or are unpalatable because of [[Thorns, spines, and prickles |thorns and spines]] (e.g., [[yellow starthistle]]). Forage loss from invasive weeds on pastures amounts to nearly [[US$]]1&nbsp;billion in the U.S.<ref name="pimental"/> A decline in pollinator services and loss of fruit production has been caused by [[Western honeybee |honey bees]] infected by the invasive [[varroa mite]]. Introduced rats (''[[Rattus rattus]]'' and ''[[Rattus norvegicus |R. norvegicus]]'') have become serious pests<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gougherty |first1=Andrew V. |last2=Davies |first2=T. Jonathan |title=Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=8 November 2021 |volume=376 |issue=1837 |pages=20200359 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2020.0359 |pmid=34538142 |pmc=8450633 }}</ref> on farms, destroying stored grains.<ref name="pimental"/> The introduction of leaf miner flies ([[Agromyzidae]]), including the American serpentine leaf miner (''[[Liriomyza trifolii]]''), to California has caused losses in California's [[floriculture]] industry, as the larvae of these invasive species feed on ornamental plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm |title=American serpentine leafminer – Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |access-date=November 20, 2019 |archive-date=November 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125043634/http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

Invasive plant pathogens and insect vectors for plant diseases can suppress agricultural yields and harm nursery stock. [[Citrus]] greening is a [[bacterial disease]] vectored by the invasive [[Asian citrus psyllid]]. As a result, citrus is under quarantine and highly regulated in areas where the psyllid has been found.<ref name="r2">{{Cite web |title=Citrus Greening |url=http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/Pest%20Alerts/citrus_greening.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616000111/http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/Pest%20Alerts/citrus_greening.html |archive-date=16 June 2013 |website=Clemson Public Service Activities - The Department of Plant Industry}}</ref>

Invasive species can impact outdoor recreation, such as fishing, [[hunting]], [[hiking]], [[wildlife viewing]], and water-based activities. They can damage environmental services including [[water quality]], plant and animal diversity, and [[species abundance]], though the extent of this is under-researched.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eiswerth |first1=M.E. |year=2005 |title=Input-output modeling, outdoor recreation, and the economic impacts of weeds |journal=[[Weed Science]] |volume=53 |pages=130–137 |doi=10.1614/WS-04-022R |last2=Darden |first2=Tim D. |last3=Johnson |first3=Wayne S. |last4=Agapoff |first4=Jeanmarie |last5=Harris |first5=Thomas R. |s2cid=85608607 }}</ref> Eurasian watermilfoil (''[[Myriophyllum spicatum]]'') in parts of the US, fills lakes with plants, complicating fishing and boating.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2006 |title=Eurasian Watermilfoil in the Great Lakes Region |url=http://great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/milfoil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725034837/http://great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/milfoil.html#overview |archive-date=25 July 2008 |website=Great Lakes Information Network}}</ref> The loud call of the introduced [[common coqui]] depresses real estate values in affected neighborhoods of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/invasive_symposium/content/Sin157_167_MVIS.pdf |last1=Sin |first1=Hans |last2=Radford |first2=Adam |year=2007 |chapter =Coqui frog research and management efforts in Hawaii |title=Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (G. W. Witmer, W. C. Pitt, K. A. Fagerstone, Eds) |publisher=USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center |location=Fort Collins, Colorado |access-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525103353/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/invasive_symposium/content/Sin157_167_MVIS.pdf}}</ref> The large webs of the orb-weaving spider ''[[Zygiella x-notata]]'', invasive in California, disrupts garden work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spider Invaders |url=https://www.kqed.org/quest/9595/spider-invaders |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=KQED |date=October 18, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105170805/https://www.kqed.org/quest/9595/spider-invaders |url-status=live}}</ref>