Editing Interstitial cystitis (section)

===Surgery===
[[Surgery]] is rarely used for IC/BPS. Surgical intervention is very unpredictable, and is considered a treatment of last resort for severe refractory cases of interstitial cystitis.<ref name="treatments"/> Some people who opt for surgical intervention continue to experience pain after surgery. Typical surgical interventions for refractory cases of IC/BPS include: [[bladder augmentation]], urinary diversion, transurethral fulguration and resection of ulcers, and bladder removal ([[cystectomy]]).<ref name=pmid23276554/><ref name="treatments"/>

Neuromodulation can be successful in treating IC/BPS symptoms, including pain.<ref name=pmid20972541/> One electronic pain-killing option is [[TENS]].<ref name=pmid20972541>{{cite journal |last1=Fariello |doi=10.1007/s00192-010-1281-3 |pmid=20972541 |title=Sacral neuromodulation stimulation for IC/PBS, chronic pelvic pain, and sexual dysfunction |journal=International Urogynecology Journal |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1553–8 |year=2010 |s2cid=13040070 }}</ref><ref name=pmid22521096>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1533-2500.2012.00558.x |pmid=22521096 |title=Neuromodulation of Pelvic Visceral Pain: Review of the Literature and Case Series of Potential Novel Targets for Treatment |journal=Pain Practice |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=3–17 |year=2013 |last1=Hunter |first1=Corey |last2=Davé |first2=Nimish |last3=Diwan |first3=Sudhir |last4=Deer |first4=Timothy |s2cid=39659746 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation]] stimulators have also been used, with varying degrees of success.<ref name=pmid18372023>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=J |last2=Bai |first2=J |last3=Zhou |first3=Y |last4=Qi |first4=G |last5=Du |first5=L |title=Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation Twice a Week in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis |journal=Urology |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=1080–4 |year=2008 |pmid=18372023 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2008.01.018 }}</ref> Percutaneous sacral nerve root stimulation was able to produce statistically significant improvements in several parameters, including pain.<ref name="Pelvic Floor"/>