Editing Integrated circuit (section)

===Small-scale integration (SSI) ===
{{Anchor|SSI, MSI and LSI|SSI}}
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The first integrated circuits contained only a few transistors. Early digital circuits containing tens of transistors provided a few logic gates, and early linear ICs such as the [[Plessey]] SL201 or the [[Philips]] TAA320 had as few as two transistors. The number of transistors in an integrated circuit has increased dramatically since then. The term "large scale integration" (LSI) was first used by [[IBM]] scientist [[Rolf Landauer]] when describing the theoretical concept;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safir|first=Ruben|date=March 2015|title=System on Chip – Integrated Circuits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsOmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|journal=NYLXS Journal|isbn=9781312995512}}</ref> that term gave rise to the terms "small-scale integration" (SSI), "medium-scale integration" (MSI), "very-large-scale integration" (VLSI), and "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI). The early integrated circuits were SSI.

SSI circuits were crucial to early [[aerospace]] projects, and aerospace projects helped inspire development of the technology. Both the [[LGM-30 Minuteman|Minuteman missile]] and [[Apollo program]] needed lightweight digital computers for their inertial guidance systems. Although the [[Apollo Guidance Computer]] led and motivated integrated-circuit technology,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mindell |first=David A. |title=Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight |year=2008 |publisher=The MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-13497-2}}</ref> it was the Minuteman missile that forced it into mass-production. The Minuteman missile program and various other [[United States Navy]] programs accounted for the total $4 million integrated circuit market in 1962, and by 1968, U.S. Government spending on [[Budget of NASA|space]] and [[Military budget of the United States|defense]] still accounted for 37% of the $312 million total production.

The demand by the U.S. Government supported the nascent integrated circuit market until costs fell enough to allow IC firms to penetrate the [[Industry (manufacturing)|industrial]] market and eventually the [[consumer]] market. The average price per integrated circuit dropped from $50 in 1962 to $2.33 in 1968.<ref>{{cite book| last = Ginzberg| first = Eli| title = Economic impact of large public programs: the NASA Experience| year = 1976| publisher = Olympus Publishing Company| isbn = 978-0-913420-68-3| page = 57 }}</ref> Integrated circuits began to appear in [[consumer product]]s by the turn of the 1970s decade. A typical application was [[Frequency modulation|FM]] inter-carrier sound processing in television receivers.

The first application [[MOSFET|MOS]] chips were small-scale integration (SSI) chips.<ref name="forging"/> Following [[Mohamed M. Atalla]]'s proposal of the [[MOS integrated circuit]] chip in 1960,<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book|last1=Moskowitz|first1=Sanford L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century|date=2016|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9780470508923|pages=165–167}}</ref> the earliest experimental MOS chip to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at [[RCA]] in 1962.<ref name="computerhistory-digital"/> The first practical application of MOS SSI chips was for [[NASA]] [[satellite]]s.<ref name="forging" />