Editing Indian Territory (section)

===Plains Indian tribes===
{{Main| Plains Indians|Medicine Lodge Treaty|Treaty of St. Louis (1818)|Native American tribes in Nebraska}}
[[File:Catlinpaint.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1|[[Tipi]]s painted by [[George Catlin]], c. 1830]]
[[Image:Pawnee01.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Plains Indians]] at time of European contact and their current homelands]]
[[Image:Siouan langs.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Western Siouan languages]] prior to European settlements]]
Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral home of the [[Wichita people]], a Plains tribe. Additional [[indigenous peoples of the Plains]] entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the horse, some Plains Indian tribes were agrarian and others were [[hunter-gatherer]]s. Some tribes used the dog as a [[draft animal]] to pull small [[travois]] (or sleighs) to help move from place to place; however, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the [[horse culture]] and became [[nomadic]]. The [[tipi]], an animal hide lodge, was used by [[Plains Indians]] as a dwelling because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies.

The Arapaho historically had assisted the Cheyenne and [[Lakota people]] in driving the [[Kiowa]] and [[Comanche]] south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed [[Plains Indian Sign Language]] as a means of communicate with their allies.

* The [[Kaw people|Kaw]] speak one of the [[Siouan languages]] and were originally from the Kansas area; the name Kansas is derived from the tribe's name. The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes, who first settled in Nebraska, being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June 4, 1873, the Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an area that would become [[Kay County, Oklahoma]], tribal headquarters is in [[Kaw City, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Ponca]] speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the U.S. and signed the first peace treaty in 1817.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html| title=1817 Ponca Treaty with the U.S.| access-date=2012-03-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114055514/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/P/PO007.html| archive-date=2012-01-14| url-status=dead}}</ref>  In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their land to the United States in return for annuities, payment of $1.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the [[Niobrara River]] at the confluence with the Missouri River.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm| title= 1858 Ponca Treaty with the U.S.| access-date= 2012-03-01| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150213034753/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/pon0772.htm| archive-date= 2015-02-13| url-status= dead}}</ref>  In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]]<ref name="1868 Sioux Treaty">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|title=US-Sioux Treaty of 1868|access-date=2011-11-04|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm|archive-date=2011-11-26}}</ref> the US mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-day Nebraska in the [[Great Sioux Reservation]] of present-day South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by U.S. law, forced the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and [[Noble County, Oklahoma|Noble]] counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned {{convert|26236|acre|km2}} of [[Knox County, Nebraska]], to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. Today, the [[Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma]] have their headquarters in [[Ponca City, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians]], speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the [[Ho-Chunk]] in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made up of [[Otoe tribe|Otoe]] and [[Missouria]] Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in [[Red Rock, Oklahoma]]. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled near the Missouri and [[Grand River (Missouri)|Grand River]]s in [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html|title = May, John D. Otoe-Missouria. ''Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.|access-date = 2012-03-01|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100720001619/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/O/OT001.html|archive-date = 2010-07-20}}</ref>

[[Image:Algonquian langs.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Algonquian languages]] prior to European settlements]]
[[Image:Uto-Aztecan langs.png|thumb|upright=1|Northern [[Uto-Aztecan languages]] prior to European settlements]]
* The [[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes]] of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in [[Concho, Oklahoma]] (a rural suburb of [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]].)
** The [[Cheyenne]] were originally an agrarian people in present-day [[Minnesota]] and speak an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]]. In 1877, after the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] in present-day Montana, a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry heat climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to [[Northern Cheyenne Exodus|travel back north]]. Ultimately, the military gave up attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne back to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana
** The [[Arapaho]] came from the present-day [[Saskatchewan]], Montana, and Wyoming area, and speak an Algonquian language.
* The [[Comanche]] lived in the upper [[Platte River]] in Wyoming breaking off from the [[Shoshone]] people in the late 17th century, and speak a [[Numic]] language of the [[Uto-Aztecan]] family. A nomadic people, the Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple autonomous bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835.<ref name="Comanche 1835">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm|title=Treaty with the Comanche, Etc., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between U.S. and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by U.S. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215215155/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0435.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An additional treaty was signed in 1846.<ref name="Comanche 1846"/>  In 1875, the last free band of Comanches, led by [[Quanah Parker]], surrendered and moved to the [[Fort Sill]] reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in [[Lawton, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]] speak a [[Caddoan languages|Caddoan language]]. Originally from the area around [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. In the 16th century [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado]] had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as [[measles]], [[smallpox]] and [[cholera]] decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm| title=1957 Treaty with the Pawnee| access-date=2012-03-01| archive-date=2012-02-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216071302/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/paw0764.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> their range was reduced to an area around [[Nance County, Nebraska]]. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the [[Cherokee Outlet]] in Oklahoma Territory, in [[Pawnee County, Oklahoma]]. Tribal Headquarters are in [[Pawnee, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Tonkawa]] speak a [[language isolate]], that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas.<ref name="Comanche 1846">
{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm|title=Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay 15, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the US as a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures between tribes and the U.S., Signed at Council Springs, Texas|access-date=2012-03-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615184447/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/com0554.htm|archive-date=June 15, 2010}}</ref> After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the [[Texas Ranger Division|Texas Rangers]], the [[Tonkawa Massacre]], occurring near Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day [[Tonkawa, Oklahoma]].
* The [[Kiowa]] originated in the area of [[Glacier National Park (US)|Glacier National Park, Montana]] and speak a [[Kiowa-Tanoan]] language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains adjacent to the [[Arkansas River]] in Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. that established a framework for legal system administered by the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas.<ref name="Kiowa 1837">{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm|title=Treaty with the Kiowa, Etc., May 26, 1837 (7 Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between U.S. and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma.|access-date=2012-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530170807/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/kio0489.htm|archive-date=May 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tribal headquarters are in [[Carnegie, Oklahoma]]
* The [[Plains Apache]] or "Kiowa Apache", a branch of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River area and speak one of the [[Southern Athabaskan languages]]. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
* The [[Osage Nation]] speak one of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved west. By the early 18th century the Osage had become the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the land between the Red River and Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to  [[Independence, Kansas]]. With the 1870 [[Drum Creek Treaty]], the Kansas land was sold for $1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased {{convert|1470000|acre|km2}} in Indian Territory's Cherokee Outlet, the current [[Osage County, Oklahoma]]. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal land to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal [[mineral rights]] to the reservation lands. These were later found to have [[crude oil]], from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in [[Pawhuska, Oklahoma]].