Editing House of Habsburg (section)

==List of Habsburg rulers==
{{See also|Habsburg family tree|List of rulers of Austria|List of German monarchs|List of Bohemian monarchs|List of Hungarian monarchs|List of Spanish monarchs}}

The Habsburgs' monarchical positions included:
* [[Holy Roman Emperor]]s (intermittently from 1273 until 1806) and [[List of German monarchs|Roman-German kings]]<ref>The Kingdom of Germany formed the central part of the Holy Roman Empire. Its rulers were styled ''[[King of the Romans]]'' before their coronation as emperors.</ref>
* [[Rulers of Austria]] (as [[duke]]s from 1278 until 1453; as [[archduke]]s from 1453 and as [[emperor]]s from 1804 until 1918<!--the creation of the Empire in 1804 did not cause the Archduchy to go into abeyance-->)
* [[List of rulers of Bohemia|Kings of Bohemia]] (1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918)
* [[List of Spanish monarchs|Kings of Spain]] (1516–1700)
* [[King of Hungary|Kings of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] (1526–1918)
* [[King of England]] and [[List of Irish Monarchs|Ireland]] (1554–1558)<ref group="note" name="jure uxoris"/><ref>Geoffrey Parker. ''The Grand Strategy of Philip II'', (2000)</ref>
* [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Kings of Portugal]] (1581–1640)
* [[List of rulers of Transylvania|Grand princes of Transylvania]] (1690–1867)
* [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Kings of Galicia and Lodomeria]] (1772–1918)
* [[Emperor of Mexico]] (1864–1867)

===Ancestors===
* [[Guntram, Count of Habsburg|Guntram the Rich]] (ca. 930–985 / 990) Father of:<ref name="burkeI">[[Hugh Massingberd|Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh]]. "[[Burke's Peerage|Burke's]] Royal Families of the World: ''Volume I Europe & Latin America'', 1977, pp. 18, 32. {{ISBN|0-85011-023-8}}</ref> The chronology of the [[Muri Abbey]], burial place of the early Habsburgs, written in the 11th century, states that ''Guntramnus Dives'' (Guntram the Rich), was the ancestor of the House of Habsburg. Many historians believe this indeed makes Guntram the progenitor of the House of Habsburg. However, this account was 200 years after the fact, and much about him and the origins of the Habsburgs is uncertain.<ref name="Heinz-Dieter Heimann 2001 22">{{cite book|author=Heinz-Dieter Heimann |year=2001|title=Die Habsburger: Dynastie und Kaiserreiche|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHQea0JsytMC&pg=PA22|page=22|publisher=C. H. Beck|isbn=978-3-406-44754-9}}</ref> If true, as Guntram was a member of the '''[[Etichonids|Etichonider]]''' family, it would link the Habsburg lineage to this family.
* [[Lanzelin, Count of Habsburg|Lanzelin]] of [[Altenburg]] (died 991). Besides Radbot, below, he had sons named Rudolph I, [[Werner I, Bishop of Strasbourg|Wernher]], and Landolf.

===Before the Albertine/Leopoldine division===

====Counts====
[[File:Arms of Counts of Habsbourg.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.45|Arms of the Counts of Habsburgs. The Habsburgs all but abandoned this for the arms of Austria. It only reappeared in their triarch family arms in 1805.]]

Before [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph]] rose to [[Holy Roman Emperor|German king]], the Habsburgs were [[Counts of Baden]] in what is today southwestern Germany and [[Switzerland]].<ref name="burkeI"/>

* [[Radbot, Count of Habsburg|Radbot]] of [[Klettgau]], built the [[Habsburg Castle]] (c. 985 – 1035<!--note: sometimes date of death is given as 1045, see http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radbot and http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radbot -->). Besides Werner I, he had two other sons: Otto I, who would become Count of [[Sundgau]] in the [[Alsace]], and Albrecht I. Founded the [[Muri Abbey]], which became the first burial place of members of the House of Habsburg. It is possible that Radbot founded the castle [[Habsburg Castle|Habichtsburg]], the residence of the House of Habsburg, but another possible founder is [[Werner I, Count of Habsburg|Werner I]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Andreas|last=Bönner|title=Die Religionspolitik der Habsburger Kaiser in der Zeit des Dreißigjährigen Krieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcL40Flzf5AC|year=2010|publisher=GRIN Verlag| page=7|isbn=978-3-640-50510-4}}</ref>
*{{ill|Rudolf of Altenburg|de|Rudolf I. (Habsburg)}} (died 1063/4), count, founder of {{ill|Ottmarsheim Abbey|de|Abteikirche Ottmarsheim}}
* [[Werner I, Count of Habsburg|Werner I]], Count of Habsburg (1025/1030–1096). Besides Otto II, there was another son, Albert II, who was [[Vogt|reeve]] of [[Muri, Aargau|Muri]] from 1111 to 1141 after the death of Otto II.
* [[Otto II, Count of Habsburg|Otto II]] of Habsburg; first to name himself as "of Habsburg"<ref name="The World of Habsburgs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.habsburger.net/en/habsburger-list?sort_bef_combine=field_estimated_date_range%20ASC#1|title=The World of Habsburgs|date=2011|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref> (died 1111) Father of:
* [[Werner II, Count of Habsburg|Werner II]] of Habsburg (around 1135; died 1167) Father of:
* [[Albert III, Count of Habsburg|Albrecht III]] of Habsburg (''the Rich''), died 1199. Under him, the Habsburg territories expanded to cover most of what is today the [[German language|German-speaking]] part of [[Switzerland]]. Father of:
* [[Rudolph II, Count of Habsburg|Rudolph II]] of Habsburg (b. c. 1160, died 1232) Father of:
* [[Albert IV, Count of Habsburg|Albrecht IV]] of Habsburg, (died 1239 / 1240); father of Rudolph IV of Habsburg, who would later become king [[Rudolph I of Germany]]. Between [[Albrecht IV]] and his brother Rudolph III, the Habsburg properties were split, with Albrecht keeping the [[Aargau]] and the western parts, the eastern parts going to Rudolph III. Albrecht IV was also a mutual ancestor of [[Sophia Chotek]] and of her husband [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]]

====Kings of the Romans ====
*[[Rudolph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph I]], emperor 1273–1291
*[[Albert I, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert I]], emperor 1298–1308

==== King of Bohemia ====
* [[Rudolph I of Bohemia|Rudolph I]], king of Bohemia 1306–1307

====Dukes/Archdukes of Austria====
* ''[[Rudolph II of Austria|Rudolph II]]'', son of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]], duke of Austria and Styria together with his brother 1282–1283, was dispossessed by his brother, who eventually would be murdered by one of Rudolph's sons.
* [[Albert I of Austria|Albert I]] (''Albrecht I''), son of [[Rudolph I of Germany|Rudolph I]] and brother of the above, duke from 1282 to 1308; was [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1298 to 1308. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]].
* ''[[Rudolph III of Austria|Rudolph III]]'', the oldest son of Albert I, designated duke of Austria and Styria 1298–1307
* [[Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)|Frederick ''the Handsome'']] (''Friedrich der Schöne''), brother of Rudolph III. Duke of Austria and Styria (with his brother Leopold I) from 1308 to 1330; officially co-regent of the emperor [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] since 1325, but never ruled.
* [[Leopold I of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold I]], brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria from 1308 to 1326.
* [[Albert II of Austria|Albert II]] (''Albrecht II''), brother of the above, duke of Further Austria from 1326 to 1358, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1358, duke of Carinthia after 1335.
* [[Otto, Duke of Austria|Otto ''the Jolly'']] (''der Fröhliche''), brother of the above, duke of Austria and Styria 1330–1339 (together with his brother), duke of Carinthia after 1335.
* [[Rudolph IV of Austria|Rudolph IV ''the Founder'']] (''der Stifter''), oldest son of Albert II. Duke of Austria and Styria 1358–1365, Duke of [[German Tyrol|Tirol]] after 1363.

===Division of Albertinian and Leopoldian lines===
After the death of Rudolph IV, his brothers [[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]] and [[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]] ruled the Habsburg possessions together from 1365 until 1379, when they split the territories in the [[Treaty of Neuberg]], Albert keeping the [[Duchy of Austria]] and Leopold ruling over [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]], [[Carniola]], the [[Windic March]], [[German Tyrol|Tirol]], and [[Further Austria]].

====Kings of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperors (Albertinian line)====
*[[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert II]], emperor 1438–1439 (never crowned) [[File:Armoiries empereur Albert II.svg|50px]]
*[[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]], emperor 1440–1493 [[File:Armoiries empereur Frédéric III.svg|50px]]

====Kings of Hungary and Bohemia (Albertinian line) ====
* [[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert]], king of Hungary and Bohemia (1437–1439) [[File:Armoiries Albert II de Habsbourg.svg|50px]]
* [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus V Posthumus]], king of Hungary (1444–1457) and Bohemia (1453–1457) [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Ladislaus V (1440 – 1457).svg|50px]]

====Dukes of Austria (Albertinian line)====
* [[Albert III of Austria|Albert III]] (''Albrecht III''), duke of Austria until 1395, from 1386 (after the death of Leopold) until 1395 also ruled over the latter's possessions.
* [[Albert IV of Austria|Albert IV]] (''Albrecht IV''), duke of Austria 1395–1404, in conflict with Leopold IV.
* [[Albert V of Austria|Albert V]] (''Albrecht V''), duke of Austria 1404–1439, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from 1438 to 1439 as [[Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor|Albert II]]. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]].
* [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus Posthumus]], son of the above, duke of Austria 1440–1457.

====Dukes of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol / Inner Austria (Leopoldian line)====
* [[Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold III]], duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Further Austria until 1386, when he was killed in the [[Battle of Sempach]].
* [[William of Austria|William]] (''Wilhelm''), son of the above, 1386–1406 duke in [[Inner Austria]] (Carinthia, Styria)
* [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]], son of Leopold III, 1391 regent of Further Austria, 1395–1402 duke of Tyrol, after 1404 also duke of Austria, 1406–1411 duke of Inner Austria

=====Leopoldian-Inner Austrian sub-line=====
:* [[Ernest of Austria (Habsburg)|Ernest ''the Iron'']] (''der Eiserne''), 1406–1424 duke of [[Inner Austria]], until 1411 together and competing with his brother Leopold IV.
:* [[Frederick V of Austria|Frederick V]] (''Friedrich''), son of Ernst, became [[Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] in 1440. He was duke of Inner Austria from 1424 on. Guardian of [[Sigismund of Austria|Sigismund]] 1439–1446 and of [[Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary|Ladislaus Posthumus]] 1440–1452. See also [[#House of Habsburg|below]].
:* [[Albert VI of Austria|Albert VI]] (''Albrecht VI''), brother of the above, 1446–1463 regent of Further Austria, duke of Austria 1458–1463
:* ''Ernestine line'' of [[Rulers of Saxony|Saxon princes]], ancestor of [[George I of Great Britain]]-descended from sister of [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]]; also [[Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse]] King of Finland 1918

=====Leopoldian-Tyrol sub-line=====
:* [[Frederick IV of Austria|Frederick IV]] (''Friedrich''), brother of Ernst, 1402–1439 duke of Tyrol and Further Austria
:* [[Sigismund of Austria|Sigismund]], also spelled ''Siegmund'' or ''Sigmund'', 1439–1446 under the tutelage of the Frederick V above, then duke of Tyrol, and after the death of Albrecht VI in 1463 also duke of Further Austria.

===Reunited Habsburgs until extinction of agnatic lines===
Sigismund had no children and adopted [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], son of Emperor Frederick III. Under Maximilian, the possessions of the Habsburgs would be united again under one ruler, after he had re-conquered the [[Duchy of Austria]] after the death of [[Matthias Corvinus]], who resided in [[Vienna]] and styled himself duke of Austria from 1485 to 1490.

====Holy Roman Emperors, Archdukes of Austria====
*[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], emperor 1508–1519 [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilan of Hapsburg as archduke of Austria.svg|50 px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilan of Hapsburg as consort to Mary of Burgundy.svg|50 px]] [[File:Armoiries Maximilien Ier.svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Maximilian of Austria as emperor.svg|50px]]
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], emperor 1519–1556, his arms are explained in an [[Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|article about them]] [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]] [[File:Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant (1530-1556).svg|50px]]

The abdications of Charles V in 1556 ended his formal authority over Ferdinand and made him ''[[suo jure]]'' ruler in [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], as well as [[Holy Roman Emperor]].

*[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], emperor 1556–1564 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]] ([[Imperial Crypt#Founders' family|→Family Tree]])
*[[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]], emperor 1564–1576 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]]
*[[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]], emperor 1576–1612 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]]
*[[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], emperor 1612–1619 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]]

Ferdinand's inheritance had been split in 1564 among his children, with Maximilian taking the Imperial crown and his younger brother Archduke [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II]] ruling over [[Inner Austria]] (i.e. the [[Duchy of Styria]], the [[Duchy of Carniola]] with [[March of Istria]], the [[Duchy of Carinthia]], the [[Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca]], and the [[Trieste|Imperial City of Trieste]], ruled from [[Graz]]). Charles's son and successor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] in 1619 became Archduke of Austria and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] as well as [[Kingdom of Bohemia|King of Bohemia]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] in 1620. The Further Austrian/Tyrolean line of Ferdinand's brother Archduke [[Leopold V, Archduke of Austria|Leopold V]] survived until the death of his son [[Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Further Austria|Sigismund Francis]] in 1665, whereafter their territories ultimately returned to common control with the other [[Erblande|Austrian Habsburg lands]].

*[[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], emperor 1619–1637 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand III.svg|50px]]
*[[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], emperor 1637–1657 [[File:Armoiries empereur Charles IV.svg|50px]]([[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III's family|→Family Tree]])
*[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], emperor 1658–1705 [[File:Armoiries empereur Rodolphe II.svg|50px]]
*[[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], emperor 1705–1711 [[File:Armoiries empereur Ferdinand Ier.svg|50px]]
*[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], emperor 1711–1740 [[File:Arms of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor-Or shield variant.svg|50px]]
*[[Maria Theresa]], Habsburg heiress and wife of Emperor [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]], reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740–1780.

==== Kings of Spain, Kings of Portugal (Spanish Habsburgs) ====
{{See also|Spanish Habsburgs|Philippine Dynasty}}

[[Habsburg Spain]] was a personal union between the Crowns of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]; Aragon was itself divided into the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]], [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], Malta and [[Kingdom of Sardinia|Sardinia]].{{sfn|Cowans|2003|pp=26–27}} From 1581, they were kings of [[Iberian Union|Portugal]] until they renounced this title in the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|1668 Treaty of Lisbon]]. They were also Dukes of [[Duchy of Milan|Milan]], Lord of the [[Spanish America|Americas]], and holder of multiple titles from territories within the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. A full listing can be seen [[Philip II of Spain#Titles, honours and styles|here.]]

*[[Philip I of Castile|Philip I of Castile the Handsome]], first son of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], founded the Spanish Habsburgs in 1496 by marrying [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna the Mad]], daughter of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] and [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]]. Philip died in 1506, leaving the thrones of Castile and Aragon to be inherited by his son: [[File:Coat of Arms of Philip I of Castile.svg|50px]]
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] 1516–1556, ''aka Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; divided the House into Austrian and Spanish lines'' The meanings of his arms are analyzed [[Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|here]]. [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]] [[File:Middle Arms of Charles I of Spain, Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor-Middle (1530-1556).svg|50px]]
*[[Philip II of Spain|Philip II the Prudent]] 1556–1598, also [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I]] of Portugal 1581–1598 and Philip I of England with his wife [[Mary I of England]] 1554–1558. The meanings of his arms are analyzed [[Philip II of Spain#Heraldry|here]]. [[File:Arms of Philip II of Spain (1558-1580).svg|50px]]. [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]]
*[[Philip III of Spain|Philip III the Pious]] also [[Philip III of Spain|Philip II]] of Portugal 1598–1621 [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]]
*[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV the Great]] 1621–1665, also [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]] of Portugal 1621–1640 [[File:Royal Arms of Spain (1580-1668).svg|50px]]
*[[Charles II of Spain|Charles II the Bewitched ("El Hechizado")]] 1665–1700 [[File:Arms of Charles II of Spain (1668-1700).svg|50px]]

The [[War of the Spanish Succession]] took place after the extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line, to determine the inheritance of Charles II.

====Kings of Hungary (Austrian Habsburgs)====
* [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], king of Hungary 1526–1564
* [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], king of Hungary 1563–1576
* [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf I]], king of Hungary 1572–1608
* [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias II]], king of Hungary 1608–1619
* [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], king of Hungary 1618–1637
* [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], king of Hungary 1625–1657
* [[Ferdinand IV of Germany|Ferdinand IV]], king of Hungary 1647–1654
* [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], king of Hungary 1655–1705
* [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], king of Hungary 1687–1711
* [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles III]], king of Hungary 1711–1740
* [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], queen of Hungary 1741–1780

====Kings of Bohemia (Austrian Habsburgs)====
* [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]], king of Bohemia 1526–1564
* [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]], king of Bohemia 1563–1576
* [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph II]], king of Bohemia 1572–1611
* [[Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor|Matthias]], king of Bohemia 1611–1618
* [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]], king of Bohemia 1620–1637
* [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], king of Bohemia 1625/37–1657
* [[Ferdinand IV of Germany|Ferdinand IV]], king of Bohemia 1647–1654 (joint rule)
* [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], king of Bohemia 1655–1705
* [[Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I]], king of Bohemia 1687–1711
* [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles II]], king of Bohemia 1711–1740
* [[Maria Theresa]], queen of Bohemia 1743–1780

==== Titular Dukes of Burgundy, Lords of the [[Seventeen Provinces|Netherlands]] ====
[[Charles the Bold]] controlled the widespread lands of the [[Burgundian State]]. Frederick III managed to secure the marriage of Charles's only daughter, [[Mary of Burgundy]], to his son Maximilian. The wedding took place on the evening of 16 August 1477, after the death of Charles.<ref name=heimann_frederick>Heinz-Dieter Heimann: Die Habsburger. Dynastie und Kaiserreiche. {{ISBN|3-406-44754-6}}. pp. 38–45.</ref> Mary and the Habsburgs lost the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] to France, but managed to defend and hold onto the rest what became the 17 provinces of the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. After Mary's death in 1482, Maximilian acted as regent for his son Philip the Handsome.

*[[Philip the Handsome]] (1482–1506) [[File:Coat of arms of Philipp of Austria 1483-1485.svg|50px]] [[File:Blason at Philippe le Beau.svg|50px]]
*[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (1506–1555) [[File:Arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as Heir of Philip the Handsome.svg|50px]] [[File:Arms of Philip IV of Burgundy.svg|50px]]
*[[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]], regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530) [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (princess of Spain).svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (duchess of Savoy).svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of arms of Margaret of Austria (countess of Burgundy).svg|50px]]
*[[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Mary of Hungary]], dowager queen of Hungary, sister of Charles V, governor of the Netherlands, 1531–1555 [[File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Austria as Queen of Hungary.svg|50px]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Austria as Dowager Queen of Hungary.svg|50px]]
*[[Margaret of Parma]], illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Duchess of Parma, and mother of [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], governor 1559–1567 [[File:Coat of Arms of Margareth of Parma Before her Marriage.svg|50px]]
*Don [[John of Austria]], illegitimate son of Charles V, victor of [[Battle of Lepanto|Lepanto]], governor of the Netherlands, 1576–1578 [[File:Coat of Arms of John of Austria (1545-1578).svg|100px]]
*[[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], son of Margaret of Parma, governor of the Netherlands, 1578–1592 [[File:Armoiries Parme 1586.svg|50px]]

The Netherlands was frequently governed directly by a [[List of Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands|regent or governor-general]], who was a collateral member of the Habsburgs. By the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549]] Charles V combined the Netherlands into one administrative unit, to be inherited by his son Philip II. Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. The Habsburgs controlled the 17 Provinces of the Netherlands until the [[Dutch Revolt]] in the second half of the 16th century, when they lost the seven northern Protestant provinces. They held onto the southern Catholic part (roughly modern [[Belgium]] and [[Luxembourg]]) as the [[Spanish Netherlands|Spanish]] and [[Austrian Netherlands]] until they were conquered by the [[French Revolutionary Army]] in 1795. The one exception to this was the period of (1601–1621), when shortly before [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] died on 13 September 1598, he renounced his rights to the Netherlands in favor of his daughter [[Isabella Clara Eugenia|Isabella]] and her fiancé, Archduke [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]], a younger son of Emperor [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian II]]. The territories reverted to Spain on the death of Albert in 1621, as the couple had no surviving offspring, and Isabella acted as regent-governor until her death in 1633:

*the [[Archduke]]s Albert and Isabella, 1601–1621 [[File:Coat of Arms of Archduke Albert of Austria as Governor-Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|75px]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Infanta Isabella of Spain as Governor Monarch of the Low Countries.svg|50px]]

===Habsburg-Lorraine===
The [[War of the Austrian Succession]] took place after the extinction of the male line of the Austrian Habsburg line upon the death of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]]. The direct Habsburg line itself became totally extinct with the death of [[Maria Theresa]] of Austria, when it was followed by the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]].

==== Holy Roman Emperors, Kings of Hungary and Bohemia, Archdukes of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line)====
*[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I Stephen]], emperor 1745–1765 [[File:Armoiries empereur François Ier.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Ferdinand III's family|Family Tree]])
*[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], emperor 1765–1790 [[File:Armoiries empereur Joseph II.svg|50px]]
*[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], emperor 1790–1792 [[File:Armoiries empereur Léopold II.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Empress Maria Theresa's family|Family Tree]])
*[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], emperor 1792–1806 [[File:Armoiries empereur Léopold II.svg|50px]] (→[[Imperial Crypt#Emperor Leopold II's family|Family Tree]])
Queen [[Maria Christina of Austria]] of Spain, great-granddaughter of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor]] above. Wife of [[Alfonso XII]] of Spain and mother of [[Alfonso XIII]] of the [[House of Bourbon]]. Alfonso XIII's wife [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]] was descended from King [[George I of Great Britain]] from the Habsburg Leopold Line {above}.

The House of Habsburg-Lorraine retained Austria and attached possessions after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; see below.

A son of Leopold II was [[Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria]] whose wife was from the [[House of Savoy]]; a daughter [[Adelaide of Austria|Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia]] was the wife of King [[Victor Emmanuel II]] of [[Kingdom of Sardinia 1720-1861)|Sardinia]] and [[King of Italy]]. Their Children married into the Royal Houses of [[House of Bonaparte|Bonaparte]]; [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] {Bragança} {Portugal}; [[Savoy]] {Spain}; and the Dukedoms of [[Montferrat]] and [[Chablis]].

==== Emperors of Austria (House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line) ====
*[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly ''Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor'' [[File:Armoiries Léopold II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg|50px]] [[File:Wappen Habsburg-Lothringen Schild.svg|50px]]
(→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]])
*[[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand I]], Emperor of Austria 1835–1848 [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Ferdinand I.PNG|50px]]
*[[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph]], Emperor of Austria 1848–1916. [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG|50px]]
*[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]], Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the [[Bourbon-Parma|House of Bourbon-Parma]]. [[File:Habsburg Personal Arms Franz Joseph and Charles.PNG|50px]]

====Kings of Hungary (Habsburg-Lorraine)====
* [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], king of Hungary 1780–1790
* [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], king of Hungary 1790–1792
* [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], king of Hungary 1792–1835
* [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]], king of Hungary and Bohemia 1835–1848
* [[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph I]], king of Hungary 1867–1916
* [[Karl of Austria|Charles IV]], king of Hungary 1916–1918

====Kings of Bohemia (Habsburg-Lorraine)====
* [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], king of Bohemia 1780–1790
* [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold II]], king of Bohemia 1790–1792
* [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]], king of Bohemia 1792–1835
* [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]], king of Bohemia 1835–1848
* [[Francis Joseph of Austria|Francis Joseph]], king of Bohemia 1848–1916
* [[Karl of Austria|Charles III]], king of Bohemia 1916–1918

===Italian branches===

==== Grand dukes of Tuscany (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)====
[[File:Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Tuscany line).svg|right|75px]]
*[[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]] 1737–1765 ''(later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)''

Francis Stephen assigned the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until [[Italian unification]].

*[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Peter Leopold I]] 1765–1790 ''(later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)''
*[[Ferdinand III of Tuscany|Ferdinand III]] 1790–1800, 1814–1824 (→[[Imperial Crypt#Tuscan line|Family Tree]])
*[[Leopold II of Tuscany|Leopold II]] 1824–1849, 1849–1859 [[File:Armoiries Léopold II Habsbourg Lorraine.svg|50px]]
*[[Ferdinand IV of Tuscany|Ferdinand IV]] 1859–1860

==== Dukes of Modena (Austria-Este branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ====
The [[Duchy of Modena]] was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the [[Congress of Vienna]]. It was lost to [[Italian unification]]. The dukes named their line the House of [[Austria-Este]], as they were descended from the daughter of the last [[House of Este|D'Este]] duke of Modena.

*[[Francis IV of Modena|Francis IV]] 1814–1831, 1831–1846 (→[[Imperial Crypt#Empress Maria Theresa's family|Family Tree]])
*[[Francis V, Duke of Modena|Francis V]] 1846–1848, 1849–1859

====Duchess of Parma (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)====
The [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] was under Habsburg rule between 1735 and 1748 before passing to the [[House of Bourbon-Parma]]. The duchy was then assigned to a Habsburg but did not stay in the House long before succumbing to [[Italian unification]]. It was granted to the second wife of [[Napoleon I of France]], [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]], a daughter of the [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]], who was the mother of [[Napoleon II of France]]. Napoleon had divorced his wife [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]) in her favor and the duchy was granted to her at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1814. Following her death in 1847 the duchy reverted to the House of Bourbon-Parma. In 1746 with the extinction of the [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzagas]] of the [[Duchy of Guastalla]] this duchy passed to Parma, until with the death of Marie Louise it passed to the Duchy of Modena, therefore continuing under Habsburg rule.

*[[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] 1814–1847 (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]])

===Other monarchies===

====King of England====
*[[Philip II of Spain]] (''[[Jure uxoris]]'' King, with [[Mary I of England]] 1554–1558)

==== Empress consort of Brazil and Queen consort of Portugal (House of Habsburg-Lorraine)====
[[Don (honorific)|Dona]] [[Maria Leopoldina of Austria]] (22 January 1797 – 11 December 1826) was an [[archduchess]] of Austria, [[Empress consort]] of [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] and [[Queen consort]] of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].

==== Empress consort of France (House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ====
*Marie Louise of Austria 1810–1814

==== Emperor of Mexico (House of Habsburg-Lorraine) ====
[[File:Coat of Arms Second Mexican Empire.svg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|Coat of arms of the Mexican Empire adopted by Maximilian I in 1864]]
Maximilian, the adventurous second son of Archduke [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria|Franz Karl]], was invited as part of [[Napoleon III]]'s manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico]]. The conservative [[Mexican nobility]], as well as the clergy, supported this [[Second Mexican Empire]]. His consort, [[Charlotte of Belgium]], a daughter of King [[Leopold I of Belgium]] and a princess of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], encouraged her husband's acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him as Empress Carlota of Mexico. The adventure did not end well. Maximilian was shot in [[Cerro de las Campanas]], [[Santiago de Querétaro|Querétaro]], in 1867 by the [[Restored Republic (Mexico)|republican forces]] of [[Benito Juárez]].

*[[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian I]] (1864–1867) (→[[Imperial Crypt#ZegelChartFranz57|Family Tree]])
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