Editing History of the ancient Levant (section)

=== South ===
[[File:Kingdoms around Israel 830 map.svg|thumb|Kingdoms of the southern Levant c. 9th century BC]]
In the southern Levant, [[Nomadic pastoralism|pastoral nomadic]] tribal groups began to settle down at the start of the 11th century. These included the [[Israelites]] in the Cisjordan and the [[Ammon]]ites, [[Moab]]ites and [[Edom]]ites in the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Avraham |first=Faust |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017604304 |title=The Oxford illustrated history of the Holy Land |date=2018 |others=Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson |isbn=978-0-19-872439-1 |edition=1st |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=9–11 |chapter=The Birth of Israel |oclc=1017604304}}</ref> The Philistines, a group of [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] immigrants arrived at the shores of [[Canaan]] circa 1175 BCE and settled there.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |title=The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-691-04811-6 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |author-link=Robert Drews}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Killebrew |first=Ann E. |title=The Philistines and Other "Sea Peoples" in Text and Archaeology |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1 |work=Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies |volume=15 |publisher=Society of Biblical Lit |isbn=978-1-58983-721-8}}</ref>

During the seventh century BC, no fewer than eight nations were settled in the southern Levant. These included the [[Arameans]] of the kingdom of [[Geshur]]; the [[Samaritans]] who replaced the Israelite kingdom in [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]]; the [[Phoenicia]]ns in the northern cities and parts of [[Galilee]]; the [[Philistines]] in the [[Philistia|Philistine pentapolis]]; the three kingdoms of the [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]– [[Ammon]], [[Moab]] and [[Edom]]; and the Judaeans of [[Kingdom of Judah]].<ref>Stern, Ephraim. "The Religious Revolution in Persian-Period Judah". ''Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period'', edited by Oded Lipschits and Manfred Oeming, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2006, pp. 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781575065618-011</ref><ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Finkelstein |first=Israel |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/949151323 |title=The forgotten kingdom : the archaeology and history of Northern Israel |isbn=978-1-58983-910-6 |pages=74 |oclc=949151323}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lemaire |first=André |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1017604304 |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land |date=2018 |others=Robert G. Hoyland, H. G. M. Williamson |isbn=978-0-19-872439-1 |edition=1st |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=61–85 |chapter=Israel and Judah |oclc=1017604304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |title=On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches |date=2006 |publisher=[[Peeters Publishers]] |isbn=978-9-042-91798-9 |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta |volume=153 |location=[[Leuven]], [[Belgium]] |page= |author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)}}</ref><ref name="AEM">{{cite conference |last1=LaBianca |first1=Oystein S. |last2=Younker |first2=Randall W. |date=1995 |title=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (ca. 1400–500 BCE) |url=https://www.academia.edu/744029 |publisher=Leicester University Press |page=114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809031715/https://www.academia.edu/744029 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=16 June 2018 |book-title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land |editor=Thomas Levy |url-status=live}}</ref>