Editing History of Uzbekistan (section)

==The Jadidists and Basmachis==
Russian influence was especially strong among certain young intellectuals who were the sons of the rich merchant classes. Educated in the local Muslim schools, in Russian universities, or in [[Istanbul]], these men, who came to be known as the [[Jadidist]]s, tried to learn from Russia and from modernizing movements in Istanbul and among the Tatars, and to use this knowledge to regain their country's independence. The Jadidists believed that their society, and even their religion, must be reformed and modernized for this goal to be achieved. In 1905 the unexpected victory of a new Asiatic power in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and the eruption of revolution in Russia raised the hopes of reform factions that Russian rule could be overturned, and a modernization program initiated, in Central Asia. The democratic reforms that Russia promised in the wake of the revolution gradually faded, however, as the tsarist government restored authoritarian rule in the decade that followed 1905. Renewed tsarist repression and the reactionary politics of the rulers of Bukhara and Khiva forced the reformers underground or into exile. Nevertheless, some of the future leaders of Soviet Uzbekistan, including Abdur Rauf Fitrat and others, gained valuable revolutionary experience and were able to expand their ideological influence in this period.<ref name=jb>Lubin, Nancy. "The Jadidists and Basmachis". In Curtis.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2014}}

In the summer of 1916, a number of settlements in eastern Uzbekistan were the sites of violent demonstrations against a new Russian decree canceling the Central Asians' immunity to conscription for duty in World War I. Reprisals of increasing violence ensued, and the struggle spread from Uzbekistan into Kyrgyz and Kazak territory. There, Russian confiscation of grazing land already had created animosity not present in the Uzbek population, which was concerned mainly with preserving its rights.<ref name=jb/>

The next opportunity for the Jadidists presented itself in 1917 with the outbreak of the [[February Revolution|February]] and October revolutions in Russia. In February the revolutionary events in Russia's capital, [[Petrograd]] ([[St. Petersburg]]), were quickly repeated in Tashkent, where the tsarist administration of the governor general was overthrown. In its place, a dual system was established, combining a provisional government with direct Soviet power and completely excluding the native Muslim population from power. Indigenous leaders, including some of the Jadidists, attempted to set up an autonomous government in the city of [[Quqon]] in the Fergana Valley, but this attempt was quickly crushed. Following the suppression of autonomy in Quqon, Jadidists and other loosely connected factions began what was called the [[Basmachi revolt]] against Soviet rule, which by 1922 had survived the civil war and was asserting greater power over most of Central Asia. For more than a decade, Basmachi [[guerrilla]] fighters (that name was a derogatory Slavic term that the fighters did not apply to themselves) fiercely resisted the establishment of Soviet rule in parts of Central Asia.<ref name=jb/>

However, the majority of Jadidists, including leaders such as [[Abdurrauf Fitrat|Abdurauf Fitrat]] and [[Fayzulla Khodzhayev]], cast their lot with the communists. In 1920 Khojayev, who became first secretary of the [[Communist Party of Uzbekistan]], assisted communist forces in the capture of Bukhara and Khiva. After the [[Emirate of Bukhara|Amir of Bukhara]] had joined the [[Basmachi movement]], Khojayev became president of the newly established [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]]. A [[People's Republic of Khorezm]] also was set up in what had been Khiva.<ref name=jb/>

The Basmachi revolt eventually was crushed as the civil war in Russia ended and the communists drew away large portions of the Central Asian population with promises of local political autonomy and the potential economic autonomy of Soviet leader [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin's]] [[New Economic Policy]]. Under these circumstances, large numbers of Central Asians joined the communist party, many gaining high positions in the government of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]] (Uzbek SSR), the administrative unit established in 1924 to include present-day Uzbekistan and [[Tajikistan]]. The indigenous leaders cooperated closely with the communist government in enforcing policies designed to alter the traditional society of the region: the emancipation of women, the redistribution of land, and mass literacy campaigns.<ref name=jb/>

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Jadidist movement of educated Central Asians, centered in present-day Uzbekistan, began to advocate overthrowing Russian rule. In 1916 violent opposition broke out in Uzbekistan and elsewhere, in response to the conscription of Central Asians into the Russian army fighting World War I. When the tsar was overthrown in 1917, Jadidists established a short-lived autonomous state at Quqon. After the Bolshevik Party gained power in Moscow, the Jadidists split between supporters of Russian communism and supporters of a widespread uprising that became known as the [[Basmachi movement|Basmachi Rebellion]]. As that revolt was being crushed in the early 1920s, local communist leaders such as [[Fayzulla Khodzhayev|Faizulla Khojayev]] gained power in Uzbekistan. In 1924 the [[Soviet Union]] established the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, which included present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became the separate [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1929. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, large-scale agricultural [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] resulted in widespread famine in Central Asia. In the late 1930s, Khojayev and the entire leadership of the Uzbek Republic were purged and executed by Soviet leader Joseph V. Stalin (in power 1927–53) and replaced by Russian officials. The Russification of political and economic life in Uzbekistan that began in the 1930s continued through the 1970s. During World War II, Stalin exiled entire national groups from the Caucasus and the Crimea to Uzbekistan to prevent "subversive" activity against the war effort.<ref name=cp/>