Editing History of Algeria (section)

==== Hilalian invasions and withdrawal to Mahdia ====
The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49,{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p={{page needed|date=April 2023}}}} or sometime between 1041 and 1051.{{sfn|Fage|Oliver|1975|p=15}}<ref name="Bosworth-2004b" />{{efn|Different historical sources give different dates for the occurrence of this decision, ranging from 1041 and 1051.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|pp=68-69}}}} In retaliation, the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the [[Banu Hilal]] and the [[Banu Sulaym]] to the Maghreb.{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p={{page needed|date=April 2023}}}}{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}} The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|p=69}} The Zirids attempted to stop their advance towards Ifriqiya, they sent 30,000 Sanhaja cavalry to meet the 3,000 Arab cavalry of Banu Hilal in the [[Battle of Haydaran]] of 14 April 1052.<ref name="Idris">{{Citation |last=Idris |first=H. R. |title=Ḥaydarān |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/haydaran-SIM_2834 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Zirids were decisively defeated and were forced to retreat, opening the road to Kairouan for the Hilalian Arab cavalry.<ref name="Idris" /><ref name="Idris-1968">{{Cite journal |last=Idris |first=Hady Roger |date=1968 |title=L'invasion hilālienne et ses conséquences |journal=Cahiers de civilisation médiévale |volume=11 |issue=43 |pages=353–369 |doi=10.3406/ccmed.1968.1452 |issn=0007-9731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schuster |first=Gerald |year=2009 |title=Reviewed work: Die Beduinen in der Vorgeschichte Tunesiens. Die " Invasion " der Banū Hilāl, Gerald Schuster |journal=Arabica |publisher=Brill |volume=56 |issue=4/5 |pages=487–492 |doi=10.1163/057053909X12475581297885 |jstor=25651679}}</ref> The resulting anarchy devastated the previously flourishing agriculture, and the coastal towns assumed a new importance as conduits for maritime trade and bases for piracy against Christian shipping, as well as being the last holdout of the Zirids.<ref name="Idris-1968" /> The [[Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya|Banu Hilal invasions]] eventually forced al-Mu'izz ibn Badis to abandon Kairouan in 1057 and move his capital to Mahdia, while the Banu Hilal largely roamed and pillaged the interior of the former Zirid territories.{{Sfn|Abun-Nasr|1987|pp=69-70}}{{Sfn|Tibi|2002|p={{page needed|date=April 2023}}}}

As a result of the Zirid withdrawal, various local principalities emerged in different areas. In [[Tunis]], the shaykhs of the city elected Abd al-Haqq ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Khurasan (r. 1059-1095) as local ruler. He founded the local Banu Khurasan dynasty that governed the city thereafter, alternately recognizing the Hammadids or the Zirids as overlords depending on the circumstances.<ref name="Sebag-2007">{{Cite book |last=Sebag |first=P. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Tūnis |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref><ref name="Valerian-2021">{{Cite book |last=Valérian |first=Dominique |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |chapter=Khurāsān, Banū |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> In [[Gabès|Qabis]] (Gabès), the Zirid governor, al-Mu'izz ibn Muhammad ibn Walmiya remained loyal until 1062 when, outraged by the expulsion of his two brothers from Mahdia by al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, he declared his independence and placed himself under the protection of Mu'nis ibn Yahya, a chief of Banu Hilal.<ref name="Talbi-2007">{{Cite book |last=Talbi |first=M. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2007 |isbn=9789004161214 |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=Ḳābis |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P.}}</ref>{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=38}} [[Sfax|Sfaqus]] (Sfax) was declared independent by the Zirid governor, Mansur al-Barghawati, who was murdered and succeeded by his cousin Hammu ibn Malil al-Barghawati.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=39}}

Al-Mui'zz ibn Badis was succeeded by his son, [[Tamim ibn al-Mu'izz]] (r. 1062-1108), who spent much of his reign attempting to restore Zirid power in the region. In 1063 he repelled a siege of Mahdia by the independent ruler of Sfax while also capturing the important port of [[Sousse|Sus]] (Sousse).{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=31}} Meanwhile, the Hammadid ruler [[Nasir ibn Alnas|al-Nasir ibn 'Alannas]] (r. 1062-1088) began to intervene in Ifriqiya around this time, having his sovereignty recognized in Sfax, Tunis, and Kairouan. Tamim organized a coalition with some of the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes and succeeded in inflicting a heavy defeat on al-Nasir at the Battle of Sabiba in 1065. The war between the Zirids and Hammadids continued until 1077, when a truce was negotiated, sealed by a marriage between Tamim and one of al-Nasir's daughters.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=31-32}} In 1074 Tamim sent a naval expedition to [[Calabria]] where they ravaged the Italian coasts, plundered [[Nicotera]] and enslaved many of its inhabitants. The next year (1075) another Zirid raid resulted in the capture of [[Mazara del Vallo|Mazara]] in Sicily; however, the Zirid emir rethought his involvement in Sicily and decided to withdraw, abandoning what they had briefly held.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Gordon S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fbdYk0-gisC&pg=PA176 |title=The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily |publisher=McFarland |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-7864-5127-2 |pages=176 |language=en}}</ref> In 1087, the Zirid capital, Mahdia, was sacked by the [[Pisa]]ns.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=210}} According to [[Richard Ettinghausen|Ettinghausen]], [[Oleg Grabar|Grabar]], and Jenkins-Madina, the [[Pisa Griffin]] is believed to have been part of the spoils taken during the sack.{{sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=302}} In 1083 Mahdia was besieged by a chief of the Banu Hilal, Malik ibn 'Alawi. Unable to take the city, Malik instead turned to Kairouan and captured that city, but Tamim marched out with his entire army and defeated the Banu Hilal forces, at which point he also brought Kairouan back under Zirid control.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He went on to capture Gabès in 1097 and Sfax in 1100.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} Gabès, however, soon declared itself independent again under the leadership of the Banu Jami', a family from the Riyahi branch of the Banu Hilal.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=38}}<ref name="Talbi-2007" />

Tamim's son and successor, Yahya ibn Tamim (r. 1108-1116), formally recognized the Fatimid caliphs again and received an emissary from Cairo in 1111.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He captured an important fortress near [[Carthage]] called Iqlibiya and his fleet launched raids against [[Sardinia]] and [[Genoa]], bringing back many captives.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} He was assassinated in 1116 and succeeded by his son, 'Ali ibn Yahya (r. 1116-1121).{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32}} 'Ali continued to recognize the Fatimids, receiving another embassy from Cairo in 1118.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32-33}} He imposed his authority on Tunis, but failed to recapture Gabès from its local ruler, Rafi' ibn Jami', whose counterattack he then had to repel from Mahdia.{{sfn|Baadj|2015|p=32-33}}<ref name="Talbi-2007" /> He was succeeded by his son al-Hasan in 1121, the last Zirid ruler.<ref name="Bosworth-2004b" />