Editing Hibernation (section)

===Diapause in arthropods===
Seasonal diapause, or [[arthropod]] winter dormancy, seems to be plastic and quickly evolving, with large genetic variation and strong effects of natural selection present as well as having evolved many times across many clades of arthropods.<ref name="Wilsterman 2021" /><ref name="Ragland 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Ragland |first1=Gregory |last2=Armbruster |first2=Peter |last3=Meuti |first3=Megan |title=Evolutionary and functional genetics of insect diapause: a call for greater integration |journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science |date=December 2019 |volume=36 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1016/j.cois.2019.08.003 |pmid=31539788 |pmc=7212789 |bibcode=2019COIS...36...74R |s2cid=202026266 |ref=Ragland 2019}}</ref> As such, there is very little [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] conservation in the genetic mechanism for diapause. Particularly the timing and extent of the seasonal diapause seem particularly variable, currently evolving as a response to [[climate change]].<ref name="Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Bradshaw |first1=William |last2=Holzapfel |first2=Christina |title=Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=November 6, 2001 |volume=98 |issue=25 |pages=14509–14511 |doi=10.1073/pnas.241391498 |pmid=11698659 |pmc=64712 |ref=Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2001 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As typical with hibernation, it evolved after the increased influence of seasonality as arthropods colonized terrestrial environments as a mechanism to keep energy costs low, particularly in harsher than normal environments, as well as being a good way to time the active or reproductive periods in arthropods.<ref name="Tauber et al. 1986">{{cite book |last1=Tauber |first1=Maurice |last2=Tauber |first2=Christine |last3=Masaki |first3=Shinzō |title=Seasonal Adaptations of Insects |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York City |isbn=0195036352 |pages=219–264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCTtG4mPBGMC |access-date=25 April 2023 |ref=Tauber et al. 1986}}</ref> It is thought to have originally evolved in three stages. The first is development of neuroendocrine control over bodily functions, the second is pairing of that to environmental changes—in this case metabolic rates decreasing in response to colder temperatures—and the third is the pairing of these controls with reliable seasonal indicators within the arthropod, like biological timers.<ref name="Tauber et al. 1986" /> From these steps, arthropods developed a seasonal diapause, where many of their biological functions end up paired with a seasonal rhythm within the organism. This is a very similar mechanism to the evolution of insect migration, where instead of bodily functions like metabolism getting paired with seasonal indicators, movement patterns would be paired with seasonal indicators.