Editing Henry VIII (section)

== Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland ==
{{Main|Rough Wooing}}
[[File:Enrique VIII de Inglaterra, por Hans Holbein el Joven.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Henry in 1540, by [[Hans Holbein the Younger]]]]
The 1539 alliance between Francis and Charles had soured, eventually degenerating into renewed war. With Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn dead, relations between Charles and Henry improved considerably, and Henry concluded a secret alliance with the Emperor and decided to enter the [[Italian War of 1542–1546|Italian War]] in favour of his new ally. An invasion of France was planned for 1543.{{Sfn|Loades|2009|p=75}} In preparation for it, Henry moved to eliminate the potential threat of Scotland under his young nephew, [[James V]]. The Scots were defeated at the [[Battle of Solway Moss]] on 24 November 1542,{{Sfn|Loades|2009|pp=75–76}} and James died on 15 December. Henry now hoped to unite the crowns of England and Scotland by marrying his son Edward to James's successor, [[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary]]. The Scottish regent [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|Lord Arran]] agreed to the marriage in the [[Treaty of Greenwich]] on 1 July 1543, but it was rejected by the [[Parliament of Scotland]] on 11 December. The result was eight years of war between England and Scotland, a campaign later dubbed "the [[Rough Wooing]]". Despite several peace treaties, unrest continued in Scotland until Henry's death.<ref name="Elton1977b"/><ref name="Loades79"/>{{Sfn|Murphy|2016|pages=13–51}}

Despite the early success with Scotland, Henry hesitated to invade France, annoying Charles. Henry finally went to France in June 1544 with a two-pronged attack. One force under Norfolk ineffectively besieged [[Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais|Montreuil]]. The other, under Suffolk, [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)#First siege|laid siege]] to [[Boulogne]]. Henry later took personal command, and Boulogne fell on 18 September 1544.{{Sfn|Loades|2009|pp=76–77}}<ref name="Elton1977b">{{Harvnb|Elton|1977|pp=306–307}}</ref> However, Henry had refused Charles's request to march against Paris. Charles's own campaign fizzled, and he made peace with France that same day.<ref name="Loades79">{{Harvnb|Loades|2009|pp=79–80}}</ref> Henry was left alone against France, unable to make peace. Francis attempted to invade England in the summer of 1545 but his forces reached only the [[Isle of Wight]] before being repulsed in the [[Battle of the Solent]]. Financially exhausted, France and England signed the [[Treaty of Ardres|Treaty of Camp]] on 7 June 1546. Henry secured Boulogne for eight years. The city was then to be returned to France for 2&nbsp;million crowns (£750,000). Henry needed the money; the 1544 campaign had cost £650,000, and England was once again facing bankruptcy.<ref name="Loades79"/>