Editing Hausa language (section)

==Dialects==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Abubakar speaking Hausa.webm|thumb|A spoken sample of modern Hausa]]
Hausa presents a wide uniformity wherever it is spoken.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Department|first1=United States Army|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhfluJdZwzcC&dq=Hausa+presents+a+wide+uniformity+wherever+is+spoken.&pg=PA96|title=U.S. Army Area Handbook for Nigeria. Second Edition, March 1964|last2=Army|first2=United States Department of the|date=1964|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en}}</ref> However, linguists have identified dialect areas with a cluster of features characteristic of each one.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hausa Language Variation and Dialects|url=http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-language-variation-dialects/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=African Languages at UCLA|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Traditional dialects ===
Eastern Hausa [[dialect]]s include ''Dauranci'' in [[Daura]], ''Kananci'' in [[Kano (city)|Kano]], ''Bausanci'' in [[Bauchi]], ''Gudduranci'' in [[Katagum]] [[Misau]] and part of [[Borno State|Borno]], and ''Hadejanci'' in [[Hadejia|Hadejiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hausa Language – Department of African Studies|url=https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/africa/linguistik-und-sprachen/african-languages/hausa|access-date=2020-10-14|website=www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de|language=en}}</ref>

Western Hausa dialects include ''Sakkwatanci'' in [[Sokoto]], ''Katsinanci'' in [[Katsina]], ''Arewanci'' in [[Gobir]], [[Adar]], [[Kebbi State|Kebbi]], and Zanhwaranci in [[Zamfara]], and ''Kurhwayanci'' in [[Kurfey]] in Niger. [[Katsina]] is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. [[Sokoto]] is used in a variety of classical [[Hausa literature]], and is often known as ''Classical Hausa''.<ref name=Caron2011>{{cite book|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00647533v3|title=Hausa Grammatical Sketch|first=Bernard|last=Caron|date=2011|location=Paris|publisher=LLACAN}}</ref>

Northern Hausa dialects include ''[[Arewa]]'' (meaning 'North') and ''Arewaci''.

''Zazzaganci'' in [[Zazzau]] is the major Southern dialect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-16|title=Nigeria: 'Tribalism' and the nationality question|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-tribalism-and-the-nationality-question/|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Daura (''Dauranchi'') and Kano (''Kananci'') dialects are the standard.  The [[BBC]], [[Deutsche Welle]], [[Radio France Internationale]] and [[Voice of America]] offer Hausa services on their international news web sites using Dauranci and Kananci. In recent language development Zazzaganci took over the innovation of writing and speaking the current Hausa language use.<ref>{{Cite web|last=onnaedo|date=2021-08-31|title=Hausa Language: 4 interesting things you should know about Nigeria's most widely spoken dialect|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/hausa-language-4-interesting-things-you-should-know-about-nigerias-most-widely-spoken/m78gnmh|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref>

=== Northernmost dialects and loss of tonality ===
The western to eastern Hausa dialects of ''Kurhwayanci'', Dam''agaram'' and ''Adarawa'', represent the traditional northernmost limit of native Hausa communities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Hausa dialects (part-two) |author1=Hausawa |date=January 7, 2021  |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=737048570267593&id=287529908552797|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Facebook |language=en }}</ref> These are spoken in the northernmost [[sahel]] and mid-[[Sahara]]n regions in west and central [[Niger]] in the [[Tillaberi]], [[Tahoua]], [[Dosso Region|Dosso]], [[Maradi Region|Maradi]], [[Agadez]] and [[Zinder]] regions.<ref name=":4" /> While mutually comprehensible with other dialects (especially ''Sakkwatanci'', and to a lesser extent ''Gaananci''), the northernmost dialects have slight grammatical and lexical differences owing to frequent contact with the [[Zarma people|Zarma]], [[Fula people|Fula]], and [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] groups and cultural changes owing to the geographical differences between the grassland and desert zones. These dialects also have the quality of bordering on non-tonal [[pitch accent]] dialects.

This link between non-tonality and geographic location is not limited to Hausa alone, but is exhibited in other northern dialects of neighbouring languages; example includes differences within the [[Songhay language]] (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of [[Koyra Chiini]] in [[Timbuktu]] and [[Koyraboro Senni]] in [[Gao]]; and the tonal southern [[Zarma language|Zarma]] dialect, spoken from western [[Niger]] to northern [[Ghana]]), and within the [[Soninke language]] (between the non-tonal northernmost dialects of [[Imraguen language|Imraguen]] and [[Nemadi]] spoken in east-central [[Mauritania]]; and the tonal southern dialects of [[Senegal]], [[Mali]] and the [[Sahel]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title='The improtance [sic] of Hausa language as a verbal communication to Hausa people' as the research topic |url=https://linguistmam.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-improtance-of-hausa-language-as.html |website= InfantLinguistmam's conner for Undergraduate Students  |date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2022-02-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Ghanaian Hausa dialect ===
The [[Ghanaian]] Hausa dialect (''Gaananci''), spoken in [[Ghana]] and [[Togo]], is a distinct western native Hausa dialect-bloc with adequate linguistic and media resources available. Separate smaller Hausa dialects are spoken by an unknown number of Hausa further west in parts of [[Burkina Faso]], and in the [[Haoussa Foulane]], Badji Haoussa, Guezou Haoussa, and [[Ansongo]] districts of northeastern [[Mali]] (where it is designated as a minority language by the Malian government), but there are very little linguistic resources and research done on these particular dialects at this time.

Gaananci forms a separate group from other Western Hausa dialects, as it now falls outside the contiguous Hausa-dominant area, and is usually identified by the use of ''c'' for ''ky'', and ''j'' for ''gy''. This is attributed to the fact that Ghana's Hausa population descend from [[Hausa-Fulani]] traders settled in the [[Zongo settlements|zongo]] districts of major trade-towns up and down the previous [[Ashanti Empire|Asante]], [[Gonja people|Gonja]] and [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]] kingdoms stretching from the [[sahel]] to coastal regions, in particular the cities of [[Accra]] ([[Sabon Zango]], [[Nima, Accra|Nima]]), [[Takoradi]] and [[Cape Coast]]

Gaananci exhibits noted inflected influences from [[Zarma language|Zarma]], [[Gur languages|Gur]], [[Dyula language|Jula]]-[[Bambara language|Bambara]], [[Akan language|Akan]], and [[Soninke language|Soninke]], as Ghana is the westernmost area in which the Hausa language is a major lingua-franca among sahelian/Muslim West Africans, including both Ghanaian and non-Ghanaian [[Zongo settlements|zango]] migrants primarily from the northern regions, or [[Mali]] and [[Burkina Faso]]. Ghana also marks the westernmost boundary in which the [[Hausa people]] inhabit in any considerable number. Immediately west and north of Ghana (in [[Côte d'Ivoire]], and Burkina Faso), Hausa is abruptly replaced with [[Dioula language|Dioula]]–[[Bambara language|Bambara]] as the main sahelian/Muslim lingua-franca of what become predominantly [[Manding languages|Manding]] areas, and native Hausa-speakers plummet to a very small urban minority.

Because of this, and the presence of surrounding [[Central Tano languages|Akan]], [[Gbe languages|Gbe]], [[Gur languages|Gur]] and [[Mande languages]], Gaananci was historically isolated from the other Hausa dialects.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol5num2/bodomo.pdf |title=On Language and Development in Africa: The Case of Ghana |first1=Adams B. |last1=Bodomo |journal=Nordic Journal of African Studies |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=31–51 |date=1996 |via=University of Helsinki  |access-date=2021-07-17 |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207193520/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol5num2/bodomo.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this difference, grammatical similarities between ''Sakkwatanci'' and Ghanaian Hausa determine that the dialect, and the origin of the Ghanaian Hausa people themselves, are derived from the northwestern Hausa area surrounding Sokoto.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnorema.it/pdf/numero%204/03%20Articolo%201%20Guerini.pdf |title=Multilingualism and language attitudes in Ghana: a preliminary survey |first1=Federica |last1=Guerini |website=Ethnorêma |access-date=2021-07-17 |archive-date=2018-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128092330/http://www.ethnorema.it/pdf/numero%204/03%20Articolo%201%20Guerini.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hausa is also widely spoken by non-native [[Gur languages|Gur]], and [[Mandé peoples|Mandé]] Ghanaian Muslims, but differs from Gaananci, and rather has features consistent with non-native Hausa dialects.

=== Other native dialects ===
Hausa is also spoken in various parts of Cameroon and Chad, which combined the mixed dialects of [[Northern Nigeria]] and Niger. In addition, Arabic has had a great influence in the way Hausa is spoken by the native Hausa speakers in these areas.

=== Non-native Hausa ===
In [[West Africa]], Hausa's use as a [[lingua franca]] has given rise to a non-native pronunciation that differs vastly from native pronunciation by way of key omissions of [[Implosive consonant|implosive]] and [[Ejective consonant|ejective]] consonants present in native Hausa dialects, such as ''ɗ'', ''ɓ'' and ''kʼ/ƙ'', which are pronounced by non-native speakers as ''d'', ''b'' and ''k'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hausa Language Variation and Dialects |url=http://aflang.humanities.ucla.edu/language-materials/chadic-languages/hausa/hausa-language-variation-dialects/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=African Languages at UCLA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mazrui |first1=Ali AlʼAmin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |title=The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience |last2=Mazrui |first2=Alamin M. |last3=Mazrui |first3=Alamin |date=1998-08-03 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-51429-1 |pages=130, 189 |language=en}}</ref> This creates confusion among non-native and native Hausa speakers, as non-native pronunciation does not distinguish words like ''{{Wikt-lang|ha|daidai}}'' ("correct") and ''{{Wikt-lang|ha|ɗaiɗai}}'' ("one-by-one"). Another difference between native and non-native Hausa is the omission of [[vowel length]] in words and change in the standard [[tonal languages|tone]] of native Hausa dialects (ranging from native [[Fulani]] and [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] Hausa-speakers omitting tone altogether, to Hausa speakers with [[Gur languages|Gur]] or [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] [[mother tongue]]s using additional tonal structures similar to those used in their native languages). Use of masculine and feminine [[Grammatical gender|gender]] nouns and sentence structure are usually omitted or interchanged, and many native Hausa nouns and verbs are substituted with non-native terms from local languages.

Non-native speakers of Hausa numbered more than 25&nbsp;million and, in some areas, live close to native Hausa. It has replaced many other languages especially in the north-central and north-eastern part of Nigeria and continues to gain popularity in other parts of Africa as a result of Hausa movies and music which spread out throughout the region.

===Hausa-based pidgins===
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gibanawa
| states           = 
| region           = [[Jega, Nigeria]]
| speakers         = none
| ref              = <ref name=e25gib>{{e25|gib|Gibanawa}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Pidgin
| family           = Hausa-based [[pidgin]]
| minority         = 
| iso3             = gib
| glotto           = giba1240
| glottorefname    = Gibanawa
| ELP              = 4211
| ELPname          = Gibanawa
}}

{{anchor|Gibanawa}}There are several [[pidgin]] forms of Hausa. [[Barikanchi]] was formerly used in the [[military of Nigeria|colonial army]] of Nigeria. Gibanawa is currently in widespread use in [[Jega, Nigeria|Jega]] in northwestern Nigeria, south of the native Hausa area.<ref name=e25gib/>

=== Loan words ===
The Hausa language has a long history of borrowing words from other languages, usually from the  languages being spoken around and near [[Hausaland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirk-Greene |first=A. H. M. |date=1963 |title=Neologisms in Hausa: A Sociological Approach |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1157795 |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.2307/1157795 |jstor=1157795 |s2cid=143323447 |issn=0001-9720}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Word
!Language
|-
|''akwati'' - 'box', ''agogo'' - 'clock', ''ashana'' - 'matches'
|[[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]
|-
|''dattijo'' - 'old man', ''inna'' - 'mother', ''kawu'' – 'uncle'
|[[Fula language|Fulani]]
|-
|''karatu'' – 'reading', ''rubutu'' – 'writing', ''birni'' – 'city'
|[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]
|}