Editing Halteres (section)

===Muscles===

Flies use indirect flight muscles to accomplish wing movement, and the beating haltere movements are driven by the same group of muscles (see dynamics section). In addition to the indirect flight muscles which are responsible for the flapping motion, there are also steering muscle which control the rotation/angle of the wings. Because halteres evolved from hindwings, the same complement of steering muscles exists for the other directions of movement as well. Chan ''et al.'' (1998) identified 10 direct control muscles in the haltere similar to those found in the forewing. In 1998, Chan and Dickinson proposed that the planned haltere movements (without external forces acting on them) were what initiated planned turns. To explain this, imagine a fly that wishes to turn to the right. Unfortunately, as soon as it does, the halteres sense a body rotation and [[reflex]]ively correct the turn, preventing the fly from changing direction. Chan and Dickinson (1998) suggested that what the fly does to prevent this from occurring is to first move its halteres as if it were being pushed in the opposite direction that it wants to go. The fly has not moved, but the halteres have sensed a perturbation. This would allow the haltere-initiated reflex to occur, correcting the imagined perturbation. The fly would then be able to execute its turn in the desired direction.<ref name="Chan 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Wai Pang |last2=Prete |first2=Frederick |last3=Dickinson |first3=Michael H. |title=Visual Input to the Efferent Control System of a Fly's 'Gyroscope' |journal=Science |date=10 April 1998 |volume=280 |issue=5361 |pages=289–292 |doi=10.1126/science.280.5361.289 |pmid=9535659 |bibcode=1998Sci...280..289P |s2cid=41890194 }}</ref> This is not how flies actually turn. Mureli and Fox (2015) showed that flies are still capable of performing planned turns even when their halteres have been removed entirely.<ref name="Mureli 2015"/>
[[File:Major fields of campaniform sensilla on the haltere.tif|thumb|379x379px|Diagram of the six major fields of campaniforms on the haltere. Four fields are located dorsally -- the dorsal Hick's papillae (dHP), dorsal basal plate (dBP), dorsal scapal plate (dSP), and the dorsal flanking sensilla (FS). Two fields are located ventrally, the ventral Hick's papillae (vHP) and the ventral scapal plate (vSP).]]