Editing Grammatical tense (section)

===Other Indo-European languages===
[[Proto-Indo-European verbs]] had present, perfect ([[stative verb|stative]]), imperfect and aorist forms – these can be considered as representing two tenses (present and past) with different [[grammatical aspect|aspects]]. Most languages in the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family have developed systems either with two morphological tenses (present or "non-past", and past) or with three (present, past and future). The tenses often form part of entangled [[tense–aspect–mood]] conjugation systems. Additional tenses, tense–aspect combinations, etc. can be provided by compound constructions containing auxiliary verbs.

The [[Germanic languages]] (which include English) have present (non-past) and past tenses formed morphologically, with future and other additional forms made using auxiliaries. In standard [[German language|German]], the compound past ''([[German verbs|Perfekt]])'' has replaced the simple morphological past in most contexts.

The [[Romance languages]] (descendants of Latin) have past, present and future morphological tenses, with additional aspectual distinction in the past. [[French language|French]] is an example of a language where, as in German, the simple morphological perfective past ''([[passé simple]])'' has mostly given way to a compound form ''([[passé composé]])''.

[[Irish language|Irish]], a [[Celtic language]], has past, present and future tenses (see [[Irish conjugation]]). The past contrasts perfective and imperfective aspect, and some verbs retain such a contrast in the present. [[Classical Irish]] had a three-way aspectual contrast of simple–perfective–imperfective in the past and present tenses. Modern [[Scottish Gaelic]] on the other hand only has past, non-past and 'indefinite', and, in the case of the verb 'be' (including its use as an auxiliary), also present tense.

[[Persian language|Persian]], an [[Indo-Iranian language]], has past and non-past forms, with additional aspectual distinctions. Future can be expressed using an auxiliary, but almost never in non-formal context. Colloquially the perfect suffix ''-e'' can be added to past tenses to indicate that an action is speculative or reported (e.g. "it seems that he was doing", "they say that he was doing"). A similar feature is found in Turkish. (For details, see [[Persian verbs]].)

[[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]), an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], has indicative perfect past and indicative future forms, while the indicative present and indicative imperfect past conjugations exist only for the verb ''honā'' (to be). The indicative future is constructed using the [[Subjunctive mood|future subjunctive]] conjugations (which used to be the indicative present conjugations in older forms of Hind-Urdu) by adding a future future suffix -''gā'' that declines for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and the [[Grammatical number|number]] of the noun that the pronoun refers to. The forms of ''gā'' are derived from the perfective participle forms of the verb "to go," ''jāna''. The conjugations of the indicative perfect past and the indicative imperfect past are derived from participles (just like the past tense formation in [[Slavic languages]]) and hence they agree with the [[grammatical number]] and the [[Grammatical gender|gender]] of noun which the pronoun refers to and not the pronoun itself. The perfect past doubles as the perfective aspect participle and the imperfect past conjugations act as the copula to mark imperfect past when used with the aspectual participles. Hindi-Urdu has an overtly marked [[Tense–aspect–mood|tense-aspect-mood]] system. [[Periphrasis|Periphrastic]] Hindi-Urdu verb forms (aspectual verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker. Hindi-Urdu has 3 grammatical aspectsː [[Habitual aspect|''Habitual'']], [[Perfective aspect|''Perfective'']], and [[Continuous and progressive aspects|''Progressive'']]; and 5 grammatical moodsː ''[[Realis mood|Indicative]]'', ''[[Grammatical mood|Presumptive]]'', ''[[Subjunctive mood|Subjunctive]]'', ''[[Counterfactual conditional|Contrafactual]]'', and ''[[Imperative mood|Imperative]]''.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=VAN OLPHEN|first=HERMAN|title=Aspect, Tense, and Mood in the Hindi Verb|date=1975|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24651488|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=284–301|doi=10.1163/000000075791615397|jstor=24651488|s2cid=161530848 |issn=0019-7246}}</ref> (Seeː ''[[Hindi verbs]]'')

In the [[Slavic languages]], verbs are [[Grammatical aspect#Slavic languages|intrinsically]] perfective or imperfective. In [[Russian language|Russian]] and some other languages in the group, perfective verbs have past and "future tenses", while imperfective verbs have past, present and "future", the imperfective "future" being a compound tense in most cases. The "future tense" of perfective verbs is formed in the same way as the present tense of imperfective verbs. However, in [[South Slavic languages]], there may be a greater variety of forms – [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], for example, has present, past (both "imperfect" and "aorist") and "future tenses", for both perfective and imperfective verbs, as well as [[perfect aspect|perfect]] forms made with an auxiliary (see [[Bulgarian verbs]]). However it doesn't have real future tense, because the future tense is formed by the shortened version of the present of the verb hteti (ще) and it just adds present tense forms of person suffixes: -m (I), -š (you), -ø (he,she,it), -me (we), -te (you, plural), -t (they).