Editing Governor General of Canada (section)

===Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation===
[[File:Portrait of Governor General Georges Vanier (1965 UPI press photo).jpg|thumb|left|[[Georges Vanier]], the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment.]]

It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that [[Vincent Massey]] became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the [[Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal|Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal]] was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the [[peerage]] since Sir [[Edmund Walker Head]] in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Galbraith |first=William |title=The Canadian and the Crown |newspaper=Ottawa Citizen |date=February 2002 |url=http://www.johnbuchansociety.co.uk/samples/crown.htm |access-date=19 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120150821/http://www.johnbuchansociety.co.uk/samples/crown.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008}}</ref>

As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an [[English language|anglophone]], should be followed by a [[francophone]] Canadian; and so, in spite of his [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] attachments, [[Georges Vanier]] was chosen by [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] prime minister [[John Diefenbaker]] as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen [[Elizabeth II]], in person, at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=55| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Former Governors General: General The Right Honourable Georges Philias Vanier| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 June 2009}}</ref> thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from [[Languages of Canada|Canada's two main linguistic groups]]. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new [[Quebec nationalism|Quebec nationalist movement]], for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of [[Quebec sovereignty movement|the province's sovereigntists]] and, when he attended ''[[National Holiday (Quebec)|la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste]]'' in [[Montreal]] in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "''{{Lang|fr|Vanier vendu}}''" ("Vanier sold out") and "''{{Lang|fr|Vanier fou de la Reine}}''" ("Vanier Queen's jester").<ref>{{Harvnb| Hubbard| 1977| p=233}}</ref>

In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, [[Roland Michener]], was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of [[Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom|court uniform]] by the governor general, the requirement of [[Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom|court dress]] for state occasions, and expecting women to [[curtsey]] before the governor general.<ref name=GGMich>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=55| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Former Governors General: The Right Honourable Daniel Roland Michener| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 June 2009}}</ref> At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of [[state visits]].<ref name=GGMich /> He presided over [[Canadian Centennial|Canada's centennial celebrations]] and the coincidental [[Expo 67]], to which [[President of France|French president]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "''{{Lang|fr|[[Vive le Québec libre]]}}''" speech in [[Montreal]] and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener.<ref>{{cite book| last=Berton| first=Pierre| author-link=Pierre Berton| title=[[1967: The Last Good Year]]| publisher=Doubleday Canada Limited| year=1997| location=Toronto| pages=[https://archive.org/details/1967lastgoodyear0000bert/page/300 300–312]| isbn=0-385-25662-0}}</ref> With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/senate//Monarchy/SenMonarchy_15-e.htm| last=Speaker of the Senate| title=Canada: a Constitutional Monarchy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=5 June 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617034641/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/senate/Monarchy/SenMonarchy_15-e.htm | archive-date=17 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{citation | author=Department of Canadian Heritage| author-link=Department of Canadian Heritage|  title=The Crown in Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2005}}</ref> the establishment of a distinct [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada|Canadian honours system]], an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of [[television]] to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life.
[[File:Jeanne Sauvé 1985.jpg|thumb|[[Jeanne Sauvé]] (left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of Montreal]]

The Cabinet in June 1978 proposed the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as ''First Canadian'',<ref>{{Cite journal|  last=Heinricks| first=Geoff| year=2001| title=Opinion: Trudeau and the Monarchy| journal=Canadian Monarchist News| publisher=Monarchist League of Canada (reprinted courtesy National Post)|  publication-date=July 2001| location=Toronto| issue=Winter/Spring 2001–2001| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2001/opinion.htm| access-date=10 February 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622173849/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2001/opinion.htm | archive-date=22 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Smith| first=David| date=1999| title=Republican Tendencies| url=http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/may99/smith.pdf| editor-last=Watson| editor-first=William| periodical=Policy Options| issue=May 1999| page=8| location=Montreal| publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy| access-date=10 February 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217112938/http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/may99/smith.pdf| archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref name=Pepall>{{Cite journal| last=Pepall| first=John| title=Who is the Governor General?| journal=The Idler| location=Toronto| date=1 March 1990| url=http://www.pepall.ca/archive_article.asp?YEAR=&VRT=330| access-date=13 November 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192918/http://www.pepall.ca/archive_article.asp?YEAR=&VRT=330| archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Valpy| first=Michael| title=Don't Mess With Success – and Good Luck Trying| url=http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/may99/valpy.pdf| editor-last=Watson| editor-first=William| periodical=Policy Options| issue=May 1999| page=26| location=Montreal| publisher=Institute for Research on Public Policy| access-date=17 February 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217112947/http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/may99/valpy.pdf| archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Smith| 1999| p=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Phillips |first=Stephen |title=Republicanism in Canada in the reign of Elizabeth II: the dog that didn't bark |journal=Canadian Monarchist News |volume=Summer 2004 |issue=22 |pages=19–20 |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |location=Toronto |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFRepublicanism.pdf |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708032249/http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/2004/Sum04PDFRepublicanism.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2009 |access-date=10 February 2009 }}</ref> When the [[Patriation|constitution was patriated]] four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament.<ref>{{Cite canlaw| link=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/Const/page-13.html| linkloc=Government of Canada| short title=Constitution Act, 1982| abbr=S.C.| chapter=V| section=41(a)| wikilink=Constitution Act, 1982| type=Constitutional| year=1982}}</ref> By 1984, Canada's first female governor general, [[Jeanne Sauvé]], was appointed. While it was she who created the [[Canadian Heraldic Authority]], as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions.<ref name=Pepall /><ref>{{Cite book| last=Jackson| first=Michael| date=2002| contribution=Political Paradox: The Lieutenant Governor in Saskatchewan| editor-last=Leeson| editor-first=Howard A.| title=Saskatchewan Politics into the 21st Century| location=Regina| publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gardner |first=Dan |title=A stealth campaign against the Queen |newspaper=Calgary Herald |date=17 February 2009 |url=https://calgaryherald.com/opinion/blogs/stealth+campaign+against+Queen/1297679/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617115509/http://www.calgaryherald.com/opinion/blogs/stealth%2Bcampaign%2Bagainst%2BQueen/1297679/story.html |archive-date=17 June 2009 |access-date=26 February 2009}}</ref>